Senate Bill 0402c1
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Florida Senate - 2000 CS for SB 402
By the Committee on Banking and Insurance; and Senators
Latvala, Geller and Horne
311-1652-00
1 A bill to be entitled
2 An act relating to health care; creating the
3 Florida Health Endowment Association; providing
4 for appointment of a board of directors;
5 providing a limitation on the liability of
6 members, employees of the association, and
7 representatives of the Agency for Health Care
8 Administration when performing responsibilities
9 of the association; providing for open
10 meetings; prescribing duties of the board;
11 authorizing the board to administer the Florida
12 Health Endowment Trust Fund; providing for the
13 adoption of comprehensive health insurance
14 coverage for state residents; providing for the
15 establishment of a plan of operation by the
16 board that includes the assumption of all
17 assets and liabilities of the Florida
18 Comprehensive Health Association and for the
19 transfer of its remaining policyholders into
20 the association; providing rulemaking
21 authority; specifying mandatory and
22 discretionary powers of the board; requiring an
23 audit and report; providing definitions;
24 providing eligibility requirements for persons
25 who seek to join the new health endowment
26 insurance plan; specifying coverages and
27 limitations on coverages as a condition of a
28 person's eligibility; providing for the
29 selection of, term of service of, and duties of
30 the administrator for the association;
31 providing coverages, benefits, expenses,
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1 premiums, and deductibles; authorizing the
2 association to contract with insurers to
3 provide disease-management services; providing
4 conditions; repealing s. 627.648, F.S., which
5 provides for the Florida Comprehensive Health
6 Association Act; repealing s. 627.6482, F.S.,
7 relating to definitions; repealing s. 627.6484,
8 F.S., relating to termination of enrollment;
9 repealing s. 627.6486, F.S., relating to
10 eligibility; repealing s. 627.6487, F.S.,
11 relating to availability of individual health
12 insurance coverage; repealing s. 627.64871,
13 F.S., relating to certification of coverage;
14 repealing s. 627.6488, F.S., relating to the
15 creation of the Florida Comprehensive Health
16 Association; repealing s. 627.6489, F.S.,
17 relating to the disease-management program;
18 repealing s. 627.649, F.S., relating to the
19 administrator of the program; repealing s.
20 627.6496, F.S., relating to issuance of
21 policies; repealing s. 627.6498, F.S., relating
22 to minimum benefits; repealing s. 627.6492,
23 F.S., relating to participation of insurers;
24 repealing s. 627.6494, F.S., relating to
25 assessments; providing that individuals having
26 coverage issued by the Florida Comprehensive
27 Health Association will be issued coverage by
28 the Florida Health Endowment Association;
29 requiring the Florida Health Endowment
30 Association to assume the assets and
31 liabilities of the Florida Comprehensive Health
2
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1 Association; providing an appropriation to the
2 Florida Health Endowment Association Trust
3 Fund; providing an effective date.
4
5 Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Florida:
6
7 Section 1. Florida Health Endowment Association.--
8 (1) There is created a nonprofit legal corporation to
9 be known as the "Florida Health Endowment Association." The
10 association shall be considered a health insurer for purposes
11 of the Florida Insurance Code. The association is exempt from
12 the certificate-of-authority and financial requirements of the
13 Insurance Code.
14 (2)(a) The association shall operate subject to the
15 supervision and approval of a five-member board of directors.
16 The board of directors shall consist of:
17 1. The Director of the Agency for Health Care
18 Administration, or his or her designee, who shall serve as
19 chairperson of the board.
20 2. The Insurance Commissioner, or his or her designee
21 from the Department of Insurance.
22 3. Three members appointed by the Governor as follows:
23 a. One representative of policyholders who is not
24 associated with the medical profession or a hospital.
25 b. One representative of the health insurance
26 industry.
27 c. One member of the public.
28 (b) The administrator for the association, or his or
29 her affiliate, may not be a member of the board. Any appointed
30 board member may be removed and replaced by his or her
31 appointor at any time without cause.
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1 (c) All appointed board members, including the
2 chairperson, shall be appointed to staggered 3-year terms
3 beginning on a date established in the plan of operation.
4 (d) The board of directors may employ persons to
5 perform the administrative and financial transactions and
6 responsibilities of the association and to perform other
7 necessary functions not prohibited by law.
8 (e) The members of the board shall serve without
9 compensation for such service, but are entitled to be
10 reimbursed for expenses incurred in carrying out their
11 responsibilities under this act, as provided in section
12 112.061, Florida Statutes.
13 (f) There is no liability on the part of, and no cause
14 of action of any nature shall arise against, any employee of
15 the association, member of the board of directors of the
16 association, or representative of the Agency for Health Care
17 Administration for any act or omission taken by them in the
18 performance of their powers and duties under this act, unless
19 that act or omission is in intentional disregard of the rights
20 of the claimant.
21 (g) Meetings of the board are subject to section
22 286.011, Florida Statutes.
23 (3) The board of directors of the association shall:
24 (a) Adopt a plan of operation pursuant to this act and
25 submit the plan of operation to the Agency for Health Care
26 Administration for approval. The plan of operation of the
27 Florida Comprehensive Health Association, and any amendments
28 thereto, shall remain in effect until the Agency for Health
29 Care Administration has approved the Florida Health Endowment
30 Association's plan of operation.
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1 (b) Administer the association in a manner that
2 ensures that the financial resources of the association are
3 adequate to meet the obligations of the program.
4 (c) Establish administrative and accounting procedures
5 for the operation of the association and provide for an annual
6 audit of the financial statements by an independent certified
7 public accountant.
8 (d) Annually evaluate or cause to be evaluated the
9 actuarial soundness of the association. The association shall
10 contract with an actuary to evaluate the pool of insureds in
11 the association and monitor the financial condition of the
12 Florida Health Endowment Trust Fund. The actuary shall
13 determine the feasibility of enrolling new members in the
14 association, which must be based on the projected revenues and
15 expenses of the association.
16 (e) Establish eligibility requirements for individuals
17 participating in the association to ensure that the financial
18 resources of the association are adequate to meet the
19 obligations and are consistent with the actuarial
20 determination pursuant to paragraph (d) and with the
21 eligibility requirements of section 3.
22 (f) Establish procedures under which members in the
23 association may have grievances reviewed internally by an
24 impartial body and reported to the association. Individuals
25 receiving care through the association under contract from a
26 health maintenance organization must follow the grievance
27 procedures established in sections 408.7056 and 641.31(5),
28 Florida Statutes.
29 (g) Select an administrator.
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1 (h) Develop and implement a program to publicize the
2 existence of the association, the eligibility requirements,
3 and the procedures for enrollment.
4 (i) Design and employ cost-containment measures and
5 requirements that shall include preadmission certification,
6 any out-of-state health care, home health care, hospice care,
7 negotiated purchase of medical and pharmaceutical supplies,
8 and individual case management.
9 (j) Contract with authorized insurers, health
10 maintenance organizations, or health care providers.
11 (k) Use a case manager or managers to supervise and
12 manage the medical care or coordinate the supervision and
13 management of the medical care of specified individuals. The
14 case manager, with the approval of the association, has final
15 approval over the case management for any specific individual.
16 If cost-effective and available in the county where the
17 policyholder resides, the association, upon application or
18 renewal of a policy, may place an individual, as established
19 under section 5, with the case manager, who shall determine
20 the most cost-effective quality care system or health care
21 provider and shall place the individual in such system or with
22 such health care provider. Prior to and during the
23 implementation of case management, the case manager shall
24 obtain input from the policyholder, parent, guardian, and
25 health care providers.
26 (l) Appoint an executive director to serve as the
27 chief administrative and operational officer of the
28 association and perform other duties assigned to him or her by
29 the board.
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1 (m) Establish in the plan of operation procedures for
2 the transition of policyholders from the Florida Comprehensive
3 Health Association to the association.
4 1. The plan of operation must include procedures for
5 calculating, issuing, and collecting the final assessment for
6 operating losses of the Florida Comprehensive Health
7 Association as specified in section 627.6488(4)(d), Florida
8 Statutes.
9 2. The plan of operation must ensure that remaining
10 Florida Comprehensive Health Association policyholders,
11 including those currently enrolled in Medicare, will not be
12 subjected to a new preexisting condition waiting period and
13 that any previous claims paid by the Florida Comprehensive
14 Health Care Association will apply towards the lifetime
15 maximum benefit available in the Florida Health Endowment
16 Association.
17 (n) Contract with the State Board of Administration
18 for the investment of the funds held in the Florida Health
19 Endowment Trust Fund in accordance with a trust agreement
20 entered into by the association and the State Board of
21 Administration in accordance with sections 215.44-215.53,
22 Florida Statutes.
23 (o) Submit a report to the Governor, the President
24 of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives,
25 and the Minority Leaders of the Senate and the House of
26 Representatives not later than October 1 of each year. The
27 report shall summarize the activities of the association for
28 the 12-month period ending December 31 of the previous year,
29 including then-current data and estimates as to premiums, the
30 expense of administration, the paid and incurred losses for
31 the year, and the financial status of the Florida Health
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1 Endowment Trust Fund, and any recommendations by the actuary
2 and actions by the association for the opening or closing of
3 the association. The report shall also include analysis and
4 recommendations for legislative changes regarding utilization
5 review, quality assurance, an evaluation of the administrator
6 of the association, access to cost-effective health care, and
7 cost containment/case management policy and recommendations
8 concerning new enrollment.
9 (5) The association may:
10 (a) Sue or be sued.
11 (b) Prepare or contract for an independent performance
12 audit of the administrator of the association.
13 (c) Invest funds not required for immediate
14 disbursement.
15 (d) Appear in its own behalf before boards,
16 commissions, or other governmental agencies.
17 (e) Execute, hold, buy, and sell any instruments,
18 obligations, securities, and property determined appropriate
19 by the board.
20 (f) Restrict the number of participants in the
21 association based on actuarial estimates. However, any person
22 denied participation solely on the basis of such restriction
23 must be granted priority on a first-come, first-served basis
24 for participation in the succeeding years in which the
25 association is reopened for participants.
26 (g) Contract for necessary goods and services; employ
27 necessary personnel; and engage the services of private
28 consultants, actuaries, managers, legal counsel, and
29 independent certified public accountants for administrative or
30 technical assistance.
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1 (h) Solicit and accept gifts, grants, loans, and other
2 aid from any source or participate in any other way in any
3 government program to carry out the purposes of this act.
4 (i) Require and collect administrative fees and
5 charges in connection with any transaction and impose
6 reasonable penalties, including default, for delinquent
7 payments or for entering into the association on a fraudulent
8 basis.
9 (j) Procure insurance against any loss in connection
10 with the property, assets, and activities of the association
11 or the board.
12 (k) Establish other policies, procedures, and criteria
13 to implement and administer this section.
14 (l) Adopt procedures to govern contract dispute
15 proceedings between the association and its vendors.
16 (6) The Auditor General shall conduct an operational
17 audit and an actuarial study of the Florida Health Endowment
18 Association. The actuarial study shall determine the projected
19 revenues and expenses associated with providing continuing
20 coverage to the current members of the Florida Comprehensive
21 Health Association and the feasibility of enrolling new
22 members. The reports shall be submitted to the President of
23 the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives on or
24 before January 1, 2002.
25 Section 2. Definitions.--As used in sections 1-8 of
26 this act, the term:
27 (1) "Administrator" means an authorized insurer or a
28 licensed third-party administrator licensed under chapter 626,
29 Florida Statutes.
30 (2) "Association" means the Florida Health Endowment
31 Association.
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1 (3) "Board" means the board of directors of the
2 association.
3 (4) "Case management" means the specific supervision
4 and management of the medical care provided or prescribed for
5 a specific individual or a specific episode of care, which may
6 include the use of health care providers designated by the
7 case manager.
8 (5) "Agency" means the Agency for Health Care
9 Administration.
10 (6) "Medicaid" means the medical assistance program
11 authorized by Title XIX of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C.
12 s. 1396 et seq., and regulations thereunder, as administered
13 in this state by the agency.
14 (7) "Medicare" means coverage under both parts A and B
15 of Title XVII of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. s. 1395 et
16 seq., as amended.
17 (8) "Case manager" means the person or persons used by
18 the association to supervise and manage or coordinate with the
19 administrator the supervision and management of the medical
20 care provided or prescribed for a specific individual.
21 (9) "Plan of operation" means the articles, bylaws,
22 and operating rules and procedures adopted by the association.
23 (10) "Resident" means a person who is legally
24 domiciled in this state.
25 Section 3. Eligibility.--
26 (1) Except as provided in subsection (2), any person
27 who has been a resident for the previous year and continues to
28 be a resident of the state is eligible for coverage if such
29 person provides evidence of a notice of rejection or refusal
30 to issue substantially similar insurance for health reasons by
31 an insurer licensed to do business in this state.
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1 (2) The association or administrator shall require
2 verification of residency for the preceding 12 months and
3 shall require any additional information or documentation or
4 statements under oath when necessary to determine residency
5 upon initial application and for the entire term of the
6 policy. A person may demonstrate his or her residency by
7 maintaining his or her residence in this state for the
8 preceding year, purchasing a home which is occupied by him or
9 her as his or her primary residence for the past 12 months, or
10 establishing a domicile in this state pursuant to section
11 222.17, Florida Statutes, for the previous 12 months.
12 (3) A person is ineligible for coverage under the
13 association if:
14 (a) The person has or obtains health insurance
15 coverage substantially similar to or more comprehensive than
16 the association's policy, or would be eligible to have
17 coverage if the person elected to obtain it.
18 (b) The person is an inmate or resident of a public
19 institution or correction facility.
20 (c) The person's premiums are paid for or reimbursed
21 under any government-sponsored program or by any government
22 agency or health care provider, except as an agency or health
23 care provider.
24 (d) The person has received the lifetime maximum
25 benefit under coverage issued by the association.
26 (e) The person is eligible, on the date of issue of
27 coverage under the association, for substantially similar
28 coverage under another contract or policy.
29 (f) The person is currently enrolled for health care
30 benefits under the Medicare programs, except for those persons
31
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1 currently insured by the Florida Comprehensive Health
2 Association and currently enrolled under Medicare.
3 (4) Coverage ceases:
4 (a) On the date a person is no longer a resident of
5 this state;
6 (b) On the date a person requests coverage to end;
7 (c) Upon the date of death of the covered person;
8 (d) On the date state law requires cancellation of the
9 policy; or
10 (e) Sixty days after the person receives notice from
11 the association making any inquiry concerning the person's
12 eligibility or place of residence to which the person does not
13 reply.
14 (5) All eligible persons must, upon application or
15 renewal, agree to be placed in a case-management system when
16 it is determined by the association and the case manager that
17 such system will be cost-effective and provide quality care to
18 the individual.
19 (6) The coverage of any person who ceases to meet the
20 eligibility requirements shall be terminated immediately. If
21 such person again becomes eligible for subsequent coverage,
22 any previous claims payments must be applied towards the
23 lifetime maximum benefit, and any limitation relating to
24 preexisting conditions in effect at the time such person again
25 becomes eligible applies to such person.
26 Section 4. Administrator.--
27 (1) The association shall select an administrator,
28 through a competitive bidding process, to administer the
29 coverage offered through the association. The association
30 shall evaluate bids based on criteria established by the
31 board, which must include:
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1 (a) The administrator's proven ability to handle
2 individual accident and health insurance.
3 (b) The extent to which the administrator has
4 developed a network of health care providers for providing
5 managed health care on a statewide basis.
6 (c) The efficiency of the administrator's
7 claims-paying procedures.
8 (d) An estimate of total charges for administering the
9 coverage for the association.
10 (2) The administrator serves for a period of 3 years
11 unless otherwise determined by the board. At least one year
12 prior to the expiration of each 3-year period of service by an
13 administrator, the association shall invite all insurers or
14 third party administrators, including the current
15 administering insurer, to submit bids to serve as the
16 administrator for the succeeding 3-year period. The selection
17 of the administrator for the succeeding period must be made at
18 least 6 months prior to the end of the current 3-year period.
19 (3) The administration may:
20 (a) Perform all eligibility and administrative
21 claims-payment functions relating to the association, as
22 prescribed by the association.
23 (b) Pay an agent's referral fee as established by the
24 association to each insurance agent who refers an applicant to
25 the association, if the applicant's application is accepted.
26 The selling or marketing of coverage is not limited to the
27 administrator or its agents. However, any agent must be
28 licensed by the Department of Insurance to sell health
29 insurance in this state. The referral fees must be paid by the
30 administrator from moneys received as premiums for the
31 coverage.
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1 (c) Establish a premium-billing procedure for
2 collecting premiums from insured persons. Billings must be
3 made periodically as determined by the association.
4 (d) Perform all necessary functions to assure timely
5 payment of benefits, including:
6 1. Making available information relating to the proper
7 manner of submitting a claim for benefits and distributing
8 forms upon which submissions are made.
9 2. Evaluating the eligibility of each claim for
10 payment.
11 3. Notifying each claimant, within the time limits
12 prescribed by law as to insurers and third-party
13 administrators, after receiving a properly completed and
14 executed proof of loss whether the claim is accepted,
15 rejected, or compromised.
16 (e) Submit regular reports to the association. The
17 frequency, content, and form of the reports must be determined
18 by the association.
19 (f) Following the close of each calendar year,
20 determine net premiums, reinsurance premiums less
21 administrative expense allowance, and the expense of
22 administration pertaining to the reinsurance operations of the
23 association.
24 (g) Pay claims expenses from the premium payments
25 received from or on behalf of covered persons.
26 Section 5. Minimum benefits coverage; exclusions;
27 premiums; deductibles.--
28 (1) COVERAGE OFFERED.--
29 (a) The association must offer in an annually
30 renewable policy the coverage specified in this section for
31 each eligible individual.
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1 (b) Coverage provided to a person who is eligible for
2 Medicare benefits may not be issued as a Medicare supplement
3 policy as defined in section 627.672, Florida Statutes.
4 (2) BENEFITS.--The association must offer coverage to
5 every eligible person, subject to limitations set by the
6 association. The coverage offered must pay an eligible
7 person's covered expenses, subject to limits on the deductible
8 and coinsurance payments authorized under subsection (4), up
9 to a lifetime limit of $1 million per covered individual. The
10 maximum limit under this subsection may not be altered by the
11 association, and no actuarially equivalent benefit may be
12 substituted by the association.
13 (3) COVERED EXPENSES.--The coverage issued by the
14 association must, at a minimum, be patterned after the
15 standard health benefit as defined in section 627.6699,
16 Florida Statutes.
17 (4) PREMIUMS, DEDUCTIBLES, AND COINSURANCE.--
18 (a) The association may provide for annual deductibles
19 for coverage in the amount of $1,000 or any higher amounts
20 proposed by the board and approved by the Department of
21 Insurance. The schedules of premiums and deductibles must be
22 established by the association.
23 1. Separate schedules of premium rates based on age,
24 gender, and geography may apply for individual risks.
25 2. Rates are subject to approval by the Department of
26 Insurance.
27 3. Standard risk rates for coverage issued by the
28 association must be established by the Department of
29 Insurance, pursuant to section 627.6675(3), Florida Statutes.
30 4. An association policy may contain provisions under
31 which coverage is excluded during a period of 12 months
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1 following the effective date of coverage with respect to a
2 given covered individual for any preexisting condition, as
3 long as:
4 (a) The condition manifested itself within a period of
5 6 months before the effective date of coverage; or
6 (b) Medical advice or treatment was recommended or
7 received within a period of 6 months before the effective date
8 of coverage.
9 5. The board shall establish premium schedules and
10 shall revise premium schedules pursuant to this section each
11 12-month policy period, and the rate will be 200 percent of
12 the standard risk rate as established by the Department of
13 Insurance.
14 (a) If the covered costs incurred by the eligible
15 person exceed the deductible for coverage selected by the
16 person in a policy year, the association shall pay in the
17 following manner:
18 1. For individuals placed under case management, the
19 association shall pay 90 percent of the additional covered
20 costs incurred by the person during the policy year for the
21 first $10,000, after which the association shall pay 100
22 percent of the covered cost incurred by the person during the
23 policy year.
24 2. For individuals using the preferred provider
25 network, the association shall pay 80 percent of the
26 additional covered costs incurred by the person during the
27 policy year for the first $10,000, after which the association
28 shall pay 90 percent of covered costs incurred by the person
29 during the policy year.
30 3. If the person does not use either the case
31 management system or the preferred provider network, the
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1 association shall pay 60 percent of the additional covered
2 costs incurred by the person for the first $10,000, after
3 which the association shall pay 70 percent of the additional
4 covered costs incurred by the person during the policy year.
5 (b) All premiums paid to the association must be
6 deposited with the Florida Health Endowment Association.
7 (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 624.509,
8 Florida Statutes, premiums for coverage are, as to the
9 association and participating insurers, exempt from premium
10 taxation.
11 (6) OTHER SOURCES PRIMARY.--
12 (a) Any amounts paid or payable by Medicare or any
13 other governmental program or any other insurance, or
14 self-insurance maintained in lieu of otherwise statutorily
15 required insurance, may not be made or recognized as claims
16 under such policy or be recognized as or towards satisfaction
17 of applicable deductibles or out-of-pocket maximums or to
18 reduce the limits of benefits available.
19 (b) The association has a cause of action against a
20 participant for any benefits paid to the participant which
21 should not have been claimed or recognized as claims because
22 of the provisions of this subsection or because the condition
23 is not covered.
24 (7) NONENTITLEMENT.--This section does not provide an
25 individual with an entitlement to health care services or
26 health insurance. A cause of action does not arise against the
27 state or the board for failure to make health services for
28 health insurance available under this section.
29 Section 6. Disease management services.--
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1 (1) The association may contract with insurers to
2 provide disease management services for insurers that elect to
3 participate in the association's disease management program.
4 (2) An insurer that elects to contract for such
5 services must provide the association with all medical records
6 and claims information necessary for the association to
7 effectively manage the services.
8 (3) Moneys collected by the association for providing
9 disease management services must be used by the association to
10 pay administrative expenses associated with the disease
11 management program, and any remaining moneys must be deposited
12 in the Florida Health Endowment Trust Fund.
13 Section 7. Sections 627.648, 627.6482, 627.6484,
14 627.6486, 627.6488, 627.6489, 627.649, 627.6496 and 627.6498,
15 Florida Statutes, are repealed effective upon the opening of
16 the association. Sections 627.6492 and 627.6494, Florida
17 Statutes, are repealed January 1, 2001.
18 Section 8. Effective upon the date of the opening of
19 the association, all individuals who have insurance coverage
20 issued by the Florida Comprehensive Health Association on that
21 date must be issued insurance coverage under the Florida
22 Health Endowment Association. The Florida Health Endowment
23 Association shall assume all assets and liabilities of the
24 Florida Comprehensive Health Association. The articles,
25 bylaws, and operational rules of the Florida Comprehensive
26 Health Association, and any amendments thereto, shall remain
27 in effect until the Agency for Health Care Administration has
28 approved the Florida Health Endowment Association plan of
29 operation, articles, bylaws, and operating rules.
30 Section 9. The sum of $50 million is appropriated from
31 the General Revenue Fund to the Florida Health Endowment Trust
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1 Fund to carry out the provisions of this act during fiscal
2 year 2000-2001.
3 Section 10. This act shall take effect July 1, 2000.
4
5 STATEMENT OF SUBSTANTIAL CHANGES CONTAINED IN
COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE FOR
6 Senate Bill 402
7
8 The committee substitute provides the following changes:
9 1. Moves oversight responsibility of the Florida Health
Endowment Association from the Department of Health to
10 the Agency for Health Care Administration. The director
of the agency shall serve as the chairperson of the
11 board of directors. The Department is no longer
represented on the board.
12
2. Eliminates the requirement that the premiums be based
13 upon participants' income and requires that the
association establish premium schedules at the rate of
14 200 percent of the standard risk rate, as developed by
the Department of Insurance.
15
3. Specifies that the association shall be considered a
16 health insurer for purposes of the Florida Insurance
Code. The association is exempt from the
17 certificate-of-authority and financial requirements of
the Insurance Code.
18
4. Tightens the eligibility requirements for the
19 association by no longer allowing individuals to be
eligible if coverage in the private sector was more
20 expensive than coverage offered through the association,
and requiring an individual to provide evidence of a
21 notice of rejection or refusal to issue substantially
similar coverage for health reasons only.
22
5. Eliminates the vested tax credit against insurance
23 premium tax liability to insurers who contribute to the
Florida Health Endowment Association.
24
6. Eliminates the provision that the effective date of the
25 bill is contingent upon $50 million being appropriated
to the Florida Health Endowment Association and,
26 instead, the bill provides for a July 1, 2000, effective
date.
27
7. Provides other changes related to the powers and
28 responsibilities of the board of directors.
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