Senate Bill sb0636

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    Florida Senate - 2002                                   SB 636

    By Senator Burt





    16-516A-02

  1                      A bill to be entitled

  2         An act relating to controlled substances;

  3         providing for specified licensing boards to

  4         adopt rules governing the prescribing of

  5         controlled substances; requiring certain health

  6         care providers to complete education courses

  7         relating to the prescription of controlled

  8         substances; providing penalties and requiring a

  9         report; providing for the emergency suspension

10         of certain licenses for prescribing violations;

11         requiring the Department of Health and the

12         Department of Law Enforcement to share certain

13         information regarding health care

14         practitioners; requiring a report; requiring

15         the Department of Legal Affairs to establish an

16         electronic system to monitor the prescribing of

17         certain controlled substances; establishing an

18         advisory council and providing for its

19         membership, duties, staff, and compensation;

20         amending s. 456.033, F.S.; eliminating certain

21         requirements for HIV and AIDS education

22         courses; amending s. 456.072, F.S.; requiring a

23         fine for certain violations involving excessive

24         prescribing of controlled substances; amending

25         s. 458.345, F.S.; requiring certain resident

26         physicians, interns, and fellows to complete an

27         educational course in prescribing controlled

28         substances; amending s. 461.013, F.S.;

29         prohibiting the presigning of blank

30         prescription forms and providing penalties;

31         amending s. 893.04, F.S.; providing additional

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  1         requirements for pharmacists regarding the

  2         identification of persons to whom controlled

  3         substances are dispensed; prohibiting certain

  4         prescribing practitioners from possessing,

  5         administering, dispensing, or prescribing

  6         controlled substances; creating s. 893.065,

  7         F.S.; establishing protocols requiring

  8         prescriptions for certain controlled substances

  9         to be issued on special forms developed by the

10         Department of Legal Affairs; establishing

11         requirements for the design, issuance, and

12         control of such forms; providing record-keeping

13         requirements; providing other requirements for

14         the use of such forms; creating s. 893.0655,

15         F.S.; requiring certain practitioners to

16         surrender such prescription forms; providing an

17         effective date.

18

19  Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Florida:

20

21         Section 1.  Physicians; rules establishing prescribing

22  guidelines.--To minimize the diversion and resultant abuse of

23  controlled substances, the Board of Medicine and the Board of

24  Osteopathic Medicine shall adopt rules to establish guidelines

25  for prescribing controlled substances to patients in emergency

26  department settings. Such guidelines must allow physicians to

27  provide legitimate medical treatment of acute and chronic pain

28  and require them to recognize and prevent abuse of pain

29  medications prescribed in emergency department settings. Each

30  board shall consult with the Florida College of Emergency

31  Physicians in developing these guidelines.

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  1         Section 2.  Instruction required for certain licensees

  2  in prescribing and pharmacology.--

  3         (1)  The appropriate professional licensing board shall

  4  require each person licensed under chapter 458, chapter 459,

  5  chapter 461, chapter 462, or chapter 466, Florida Statutes, to

  6  complete a continuing educational course, approved by the

  7  board, on appropriate prescribing and pharmacology of

  8  controlled substances, as part of the licensee's initial

  9  license renewal after January 1, 2003. The course shall

10  provide education in the state and federal laws and rules

11  governing the prescribing and dispensing of controlled

12  substances; in appropriate evaluation of patients for any risk

13  of drug diversion and the resulting abuse of controlled

14  substances; in the use of informed consent and other

15  protocols, such as discussing the risks and benefits of using

16  controlled substances, with patients to prevent drug

17  diversion; in the need to keep accurate and complete medical

18  records to justify treatment with controlled substances; in

19  addiction and substance-abuse issues with respect to patients;

20  in the appropriate use of recognized pain-management

21  guidelines; and in the need for consultation and referral of

22  patients who are at risk for misuse of medication or diversion

23  of controlled substances, when appropriate.

24         (2)  Such licensees must submit confirmation of

25  completion of such a course, on a form provided by the board,

26  when submitting fees for the initial biennial license renewal

27  after January 1, 2003.

28         (3)  The board may approve additional equivalent

29  courses that satisfy the requirements of subsection (1). Each

30  licensing board that requires a licensee to complete an

31  educational course pursuant to this section may include the

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  1  hours required to complete the course in the total required

  2  continuing educational requirements.

  3         (4)  Any person who holds two or more licenses subject

  4  to this section may satisfy the requirements of this section

  5  by taking only one such board-approved course for relicensure

  6  of all such licenses.

  7         (5)  A licensee who fails to comply with this section

  8  is subject to disciplinary action under each respective

  9  practice act and section 456.072(1)(k), Florida Statutes. In

10  addition to discipline by the board, the licensee must

11  complete the course.

12         (6)  The board shall require, as a condition of

13  granting a license under the chapter specified in subsection

14  (1), that an applicant for initial licensure complete an

15  educational course in the appropriate prescribing and

16  pharmacology of controlled substances. An applicant who has

17  not taken a course at the time of licensure shall, upon

18  submitting an affidavit showing good cause, be allowed 6

19  months within which to complete this requirement.

20         (7)  The board may adopt rules necessary to administer

21  this section.

22         (8)  Each board shall report to the President of the

23  Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the

24  chairpersons of the appropriate substantive committees of the

25  Legislature by March 1 of each year on the implementation of

26  and compliance with this section.

27         Section 3.  Emergency suspension orders; controlled

28  substances.--Upon receipt of sufficient evidence from any

29  agency authorized to enforce chapter 893, Florida Statutes,

30  regarding a violation of sections 458.331(1)(q),

31  458.331(1)(r), 458.331(1)(aa), 459.015(1)(t), 459.015(1)(u),

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  1  459.015(1)(ee), 461.013(1)(o), 461.013(1)(p), 461.013(1)(dd),

  2  462.14(1)(q), 462.14(1)(r), 462.14(1)(aa), 464.018(1)(i),

  3  465.016(1)(e), 465.016(1)(i), 466.028(1)(p), 466.028(1)(q),

  4  466.028(1)(r), or 466.028(1)(dd) or of chapter 893, Florida

  5  Statutes, by a licensed health care practitioner who is

  6  authorized to prescribe, dispense, or administer controlled

  7  substances, the Department of Health shall recommend the

  8  suspension or restriction of the practitioner's license to the

  9  Secretary of Health within 10 working days after receiving

10  such evidence. The Secretary of Health may suspend or restrict

11  the license of the practitioner in accordance with section

12  120.60(6), Florida Statutes.

13         Section 4.  Sharing of arrest and other information

14  regarding certain health care practitioners.--

15         (1)  The Department of Health shall electronically

16  submit to the Department of Law Enforcement a list of health

17  care practitioners licensed in this state who are authorized

18  to prescribe, dispense, or administer controlled substances.

19  In order to facilitate the efficiency of the Department of

20  Health's investigation of applicable violations involving the

21  diversion of controlled substances by such practitioners, the

22  Department of Law Enforcement shall, when practicable, notify

23  and provide investigative information to the Department of

24  Health regarding the arrest of any such practitioner.

25         (2)  The Medical Examiner's Commission within the

26  Department of Law Enforcement shall report quarterly to the

27  Department of Health any deaths attributed to the abuse of

28  controlled substances, based on autopsy reports completed

29  within this state, and any other public information that may

30  facilitate that department's expeditious investigation of the

31  information to determine whether any of the deaths have

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  1  involved conduct by a licensed health care practitioner which

  2  is subject to disciplinary action under section 456.073,

  3  Florida Statutes. The Department of Health or the board having

  4  regulatory authority over the practitioner shall investigate

  5  any information received by the department or the board when

  6  it has reasonable grounds to believe that the practitioner has

  7  violated any law relating to the practitioner's practice.

  8         (3)  To help the Department of Health and regulatory

  9  boards control the diversion and resultant abuse of controlled

10  substances, the Department of Health and the Department of Law

11  Enforcement shall study the feasibility of expanding the

12  electronic exchange of information to facilitate the transfer

13  to the Department of Health of criminal history information

14  involving licensed health care practitioners who are

15  authorized to prescribe, administer, or dispense controlled

16  substances. The Department of Law Enforcement shall

17  investigate the feasibility of the electronic transmission of

18  information from medical examiners within this state to the

19  Department of Health regarding autopsies and other public

20  reports that attribute death to controlled-substance abuse.

21  The Department of Law Enforcement, in consultation with the

22  Department of Health, must submit a report of its findings to

23  the Legislature by November 1, 2002.

24         Section 5.  Electronic monitoring system for

25  prescriptions.--

26         (1)  By July 1, 2003, the Department of Legal Affairs

27  shall design and establish an electronic system to monitor the

28  prescribing of Schedule II and Schedule III controlled

29  substances by health care practitioners within the state or

30  the dispensing of such controlled substances to an address

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  1  within the state by a pharmacy permitted or registered by the

  2  Board of Pharmacy.

  3         (2)  The Attorney General may, by rule, designate any

  4  opiate listed as a Schedule IV controlled substance for

  5  inclusion in such system.

  6         (3)  Each pharmacist or other person authorized by law

  7  to dispense controlled substances within this state must

  8  timely report to the Department of Legal Affairs the data

  9  required by this section each time that:

10         (a)  A Schedule II controlled substance is dispensed;

11         (b)  A Schedule III controlled substance is dispensed;

12  or

13         (c)  An opiate is dispensed which is listed in Schedule

14  IV as a controlled substance and is designated by the Attorney

15  General.

16         (4)  The data required under this section includes:

17         (a)  The patient's name.

18         (b)  The patient's address.

19         (c)  The national drug code number of the substance

20  dispensed.

21         (d)  The date that the substance is dispensed.

22         (e)  The quantity of substance dispensed.

23         (f)  The dispenser's United States Drug Enforcement

24  Administration Number.

25         (g)  The prescribing practitioner's United States Drug

26  Enforcement Administration Number.

27         (5)  The information must be reported within 15 days

28  after the date the controlled substance is dispensed.

29         (6)  A dispenser must transmit the information required

30  by this section in an electronic format specified by the

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  1  Department of Legal Affairs unless a specific waiver is

  2  granted by the department to that dispenser.

  3         (7)  The Department of Legal Affairs shall establish a

  4  7-member prescription monitoring program advisory council to

  5  assist it in implementing the system.

  6         (a)  The Governor shall appoint members to serve on the

  7  advisory council. The members of the council shall include the

  8  Attorney General or his or her designee, the Secretary of

  9  Health or his or her designee, the executive director of the

10  Department of Law Enforcement or his or her designee, the

11  director of the Office of Drug Control within the Executive

12  Office of Governor or his or her designee, a health care

13  practitioner who is licensed in this state and authorized to

14  prescribe controlled substances, a pharmacist who is licensed

15  in this state, and a prosecutor who has expertise in the

16  criminal prosecution of drug-diversion cases.

17         (b)  The advisory council members shall serve without

18  compensation but may receive reimbursement, as provided in

19  section 112.061, Florida Statutes, for per diem and travel

20  expensed incurred in the performance of their official duties.

21         (c)  The Department of Legal Affairs shall provide

22  staff and other administrative assistance that is reasonably

23  necessary to assist the advisory council in carrying out its

24  responsibilities. The advisory council is abolished July 1,

25  2003.

26         (8)  The Department of Legal Affairs shall adopt rules

27  pursuant to section 120.536(1) and section 120.574, Florida

28  Statutes, necessary to administer this section.

29         Section 6.  Subsections (1) and (9) of section 456.033,

30  Florida Statutes, are amended to read:

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  1         456.033  Requirement for instruction for certain

  2  licensees on HIV and AIDS.--

  3         (1)  The appropriate board shall require each person

  4  licensed or certified under chapter 457; chapter 458; chapter

  5  459; chapter 460; chapter 461; chapter 463; part I of chapter

  6  464; chapter 465; chapter 466; part II, part III, part V, or

  7  part X of chapter 468; or chapter 486 to complete a continuing

  8  educational course, approved by the board, on human

  9  immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

10  as part of biennial relicensure or recertification. The course

11  shall consist of education on the modes of transmission,

12  infection control procedures, clinical management, and

13  prevention of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune

14  deficiency syndrome. Such course shall include information on

15  current Florida law on acquired immune deficiency syndrome and

16  its impact on testing, confidentiality of test results,

17  treatment of patients, and any protocols and procedures

18  applicable to human immunodeficiency virus counseling and

19  testing, reporting, the offering of HIV testing to pregnant

20  women, and partner notification issues pursuant to ss. 381.004

21  and 384.25.

22         (9)(a)  In lieu of completing a course as required in

23  subsection (1), the licensee may complete a course in

24  end-of-life care and palliative health care, so long as the

25  licensee completed an approved AIDS/HIV course in the

26  immediately preceding biennium.

27         (b)  In lieu of completing a course as required by

28  subsection (1), a person licensed under chapter 466 who has

29  completed an approved AIDS/HIV course in the immediately

30  preceding 2 years may complete a course approved by the Board

31  of Dentistry.

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  1         Section 7.  Paragraph (d) of subsection (2) of section

  2  456.072, Florida Statutes, is amended to read:

  3         456.072  Grounds for discipline; penalties;

  4  enforcement.--

  5         (2)  When the board, or the department when there is no

  6  board, finds any person guilty of the grounds set forth in

  7  subsection (1) or of any grounds set forth in the applicable

  8  practice act, including conduct constituting a substantial

  9  violation of subsection (1) or a violation of the applicable

10  practice act which occurred prior to obtaining a license, it

11  may enter an order imposing one or more of the following

12  penalties:

13         (d)  Imposition of an administrative fine not to exceed

14  $25,000 $10,000 for each count or separate offense. If the

15  violation is for fraud or making a false or fraudulent

16  representation, the board, or the department if there is no

17  board, must impose a fine of $10,000 per count or offense. If

18  the violation is for inappropriate or excessive prescribing of

19  any controlled substance, the board, or the department if

20  there is no board, must impose a fine of $25,000 per count or

21  offense.

22         Section 8.  Paragraph (d) is added to subsection (1) of

23  section 458.345, Florida Statutes, to read:

24         458.345  Registration of resident physicians, interns,

25  and fellows; list of hospital employees; prescribing of

26  medicinal drugs; penalty.--

27         (1)  Any person desiring to practice as a resident

28  physician, assistant resident physician, house physician,

29  intern, or fellow in fellowship training which leads to

30  subspecialty board certification in this state, or any person

31  desiring to practice as a resident physician, assistant

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  1  resident physician, house physician, intern, or fellow in

  2  fellowship training in a teaching hospital in this state as

  3  defined in s. 408.07(44) or s. 395.805(2), who does not hold a

  4  valid, active license issued under this chapter shall apply to

  5  the department to be registered and shall remit a fee not to

  6  exceed $300 as set by the board.  The department shall

  7  register any applicant the board certifies has met the

  8  following requirements:

  9         (d)  Has completed, upon initial registration, a 2-hour

10  educational course in the prescribing of controlled

11  substances. The course shall consist of education in state and

12  federal laws and rules governing the prescribing and

13  dispensing of controlled substances; in appropriate evaluation

14  of patients for any risk of drug diversion and the resulting

15  abuse of controlled substances; in the use of informed consent

16  and other protocols, such as a discussion of the risks and

17  benefits of the use of controlled substances with patients to

18  prevent drug diversion; in the need to keep accurate and

19  complete medical records to justify treatment with controlled

20  substances; in addiction and substance-abuse issues with

21  respect to patients; in the appropriate use of recognized

22  pain-management guidelines; and in the need for consultation

23  and referral of patients who are at risk for misuse of their

24  medication or diversion of controlled substances, when

25  appropriate. An applicant who has not taken a course at the

26  time of registration shall, upon submitting an affidavit

27  showing good cause, be allowed 6 months within which to

28  complete this requirement.

29         Section 9.  Paragraph (dd) is added to subsection (1)

30  of section 461.013, Florida Statutes, to read:

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  1         461.013  Grounds for disciplinary action; action by the

  2  board; investigations by department.--

  3         (1)  The following acts constitute grounds for denial

  4  of a license or disciplinary action, as specified in s.

  5  456.072(2):

  6         (dd)  Presigning blank prescription forms.

  7         Section 10.  Paragraph (h) is added to subsection (1)

  8  of section 893.04, Florida Statutes, and subsection (4) is

  9  added to that section, to read:

10         893.04  Pharmacist and practitioner.--

11         (1)  A pharmacist, in good faith and in the course of

12  professional practice only, may dispense controlled substances

13  upon a written or oral prescription of a practitioner, under

14  the following conditions:

15         (h)  A pharmacist may not dispense a controlled

16  substance to any individual not known to the pharmacist,

17  without first obtaining proper identification and documenting,

18  by signature on a log book kept by the pharmacist, the

19  identity of the individual obtaining the controlled substance.

20  If the individual does not have proper identification, the

21  pharmacist must verify the validity of the prescription and

22  identity of the patient with the prescribing practitioner, or

23  the prescribing practitioner's authorized agent, before

24  dispensing the controlled substance. For purposes of this

25  section, identification is proper only if it contains the

26  photograph, the printed name, and the signature of the

27  individual obtaining the controlled substance.

28         (4)  Any prescribing practitioner who surrenders, by

29  court order, or order of any state or governmental agency, or

30  voluntarily, his or her controlled substance privileges may

31  not possess, administer, dispense, or prescribe a controlled

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  1  substance unless those privileges have been restored and the

  2  practitioner has obtained current registration from the

  3  appropriate federal agency as provided by law.

  4         Section 11.  Section 893.065, Florida Statutes, is

  5  created to read:

  6         893.065  Triplicate prescriptions required for certain

  7  controlled substances.--

  8         (1)  On or after July 1, 2002, a person may not issue a

  9  prescription for a Schedule II or Schedule III controlled

10  substance, or an opiate listed in Schedule IV which has been

11  designed by the Attorney General by rule, unless the

12  prescription meets the requirements of this section.

13         (2)  The Department of Legal Affairs shall develop a

14  counterfeit-proof prescription blank for use by practitioners

15  who prescribe controlled substances classified in:

16         (a)  Schedule II;

17         (b)  Schedule III; or

18         (c)  Schedule IV, as an opiate that is designated by

19  the Attorney General by rule.

20         (3)  Prescription blanks shall be issued by the

21  Department of Legal Affairs to such practitioners in serially

22  numbered groups of not more than 100 forms each in triplicate,

23  unless a practitioner orally, electronically, or in writing

24  requests a larger quantity. The prescription blanks must be

25  printed on distinctive paper; must contain the serial number

26  of the group; must be sequentially numbered; and must bear the

27  preprinted full name, address, and category of professional

28  licensure of the practitioner to whom they are issued and that

29  practitioner's federal registry number for controlled

30  substances. The prescription blanks may not be transferred.

31

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  1         (4)  The Department of Legal Affairs may charge a fee

  2  for the prescription blanks in an amount sufficient to

  3  reimburse the department for its actual costs of preparing,

  4  issuing, and tracking such forms.

  5         (5)  Notwithstanding s. 893.04(1)(a)-(d), a person may

  6  not prescribe a Schedule II or Schedule III controlled

  7  substance, or an opiate listed in Schedule IV which has been

  8  designated by the Attorney General by rule, nor may any person

  9  fill, compound, or dispense such a prescription, unless it

10  complies with this section.

11         (a)  The signature on each such prescription form must

12  be wholly written in ink or indelible pencil in the

13  handwriting of the prescribing practitioner. Each prescription

14  must be prepared in triplicate, dated, and signed by the

15  prescribing practitioner on the day when issued, and must

16  contain, typewritten or handwritten by the physician or an

17  employee of the physician, the full name and address of the

18  person for whom, or the owner of the animal for which, the

19  controlled substance is prescribed; the name, quantity, and

20  strength of the controlled substance; directions for use; and

21  the address, category of professional licensure, and federal

22  controlled substance registration number of the prescribing

23  practitioner. If the prescription is for an animal, the

24  prescription must state the species of animal for which it is

25  prescribed. If the prescribing practitioner does not specify

26  the address of the person for whom, or animal for which, the

27  prescription is prescribed, the pharmacist filling the

28  prescription or an employee acting under the direction of the

29  pharmacist must write or type the address on the prescription

30  or maintain the information in a readily retrievable form in

31  the pharmacy.

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  1         (b)  The original and duplicate of the prescription

  2  must be delivered to the pharmacist filling the prescription.

  3  The duplicate must be retained on file by the proprietor of

  4  the pharmacy in which it is filled for a period of 2 years,

  5  and the original, properly endorsed by the pharmacist with the

  6  name and address of the pharmacy, the pharmacy's state permit

  7  number, the date that the prescription was filled, and the

  8  signature of the pharmacist, must be transmitted to the

  9  Department of Legal Affairs at the end of the month in which

10  the prescription was filled. Notwithstanding any provision of

11  this section, the prescribing practitioner's address, category

12  of professional licensure, or federal controlled substances

13  registration number need not appear on the prescription if

14  that information is readily retrievable in the pharmacy.

15         (c)  All prescriptions issued for a Schedule II or

16  Schedule III controlled substance, or an opiate listed in

17  Schedule IV which has been designated by the Attorney General

18  by rule, must include both a written and numerical notation of

19  quantity on the face of the prescription.

20         (d)  A pharmacist may not dispense more than a 30-day

21  supply of a controlled substance listed in Schedule III upon

22  an oral prescription.

23         (e)  A pharmacist may not knowingly fill a prescription

24  that has been mutilated or forged for a Schedule II or

25  Schedule III controlled substance, or an opiate listed as a

26  Schedule IV controlled substance which has been designated by

27  the Attorney General by rule.

28         (f)  Any controlled substance listed in Schedule III,

29  or any controlled substance that is an opiate listed as a

30  controlled substance in Schedule IV and which has been

31  designated by the Attorney General by rule, may be dispensed

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  1  by a pharmacist upon an oral prescription, if before filling

  2  the prescription, the pharmacist reduces it to writing in ink

  3  or indelible pencil in the handwriting of the pharmacist, upon

  4  an official form issued by the Department of Legal Affairs for

  5  that purpose. Such prescriptions must be prepared in

  6  triplicate and must contain the date of the oral authorization

  7  and the information required by paragraph (a).

  8         Section 12.  Section 893.0655, Florida Statutes, is

  9  created to read:

10         893.0655  Surrender of prescription blanks.--

11         (1)  When a practitioner who is named in a warrant of

12  arrest for, or is charged in an accusatory pleading with, a

13  felony violation of chapter 499 or chapter 893, the court in

14  which the pleading is filed or the magistrate who issued the

15  warrant shall, upon the motion of a law enforcement agency,

16  supported by probable cause, issue an order requiring the

17  practitioner to surrender to the clerk of the court all

18  triplicate prescription blanks in the practitioner's

19  possession at a specified time and shall direct the Department

20  of Health to withhold prescription blanks from the

21  practitioner. The law enforcement agency obtaining the order

22  shall notify the Department of Health of this order. Except as

23  provided in subsection (2), the order shall remain in effect

24  until further order of the court. Any practitioner possessing

25  prescription blanks in violation of the order commits a

26  misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s.

27  775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

28         (2)  Such order shall be vacated if the court or

29  magistrate finds that the underlying violation is not

30  supported by reasonable cause, at a hearing held within two

31  court days after the practitioner files and personally serves

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  1  upon the prosecuting attorney and the law enforcement agency

  2  that obtained the order a notice of motion to vacate the

  3  order, with any affidavits on which the practitioner relies.

  4  At the hearing, the burden of proof, by a preponderance of the

  5  evidence, is on the prosecution. Evidence presented at the

  6  hearing shall be limited to the warrant of arrest with

  7  supporting affidavits, the motion to require the defendant to

  8  surrender all triplicate prescription blanks with supporting

  9  affidavits, the sworn complaint and any documents or reports

10  incorporated by reference thereto, which, if based on

11  information and belief, state the basis for the information,

12  or any other documents of similar reliability, as well as

13  affidavits submitted by the prosecution and defense. Granting

14  of the motion to vacate the order is no bar to prosecution of

15  the alleged violation.

16         Section 13.  This act shall take effect July 1, 2002.

17

18            *****************************************

19                          SENATE SUMMARY

20    Provides for the regulation of the prescribing of
      controlled substances. Requires education and continuing
21    education in the prescribing of controlled substances by
      specified practitioners. Establishes penalties. Requires
22    certain state agencies to share information. Requires the
      creation of an electronic monitoring system. Creates an
23    advisory council. Prohibits presigning prescriptions.
      Requires state issuance and regulation of prescription
24    forms for controlled substances. Prohibits certain
      practitioners from prescribing. Establishes
25    record-keeping requirements. Requires certain
      practitioners to surrender their prescription forms. (See
26    bill for details.)

27

28

29

30

31

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CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions.