The Florida Senate

“Articles of merger” means initial, amended, and restated articles of merger of a limited liability company delivered to the Department of State in accordance with s. 608.4382. In the case of a foreign limited liability company, the term includes all records serving a similar function required to be filed with the Department of State or other official having custody of the records of the foreign limited liability company in the state or country under whose law it is organized.

“Articles of organization” means initial, amended, and restated articles of organization of a limited liability company, including initial, amended, or restated articles of merger, if any. In the case of a foreign limited liability company, the term includes all records serving a similar function required to be filed with the Department of State or other official having custody of the records of the foreign limited liability company in the state or country under whose law it is organized.

“Authorized representative” means one or more persons acting to form a limited liability company by executing and filing the articles of organization of such limited liability company in accordance with this chapter and authorized by a member of such limited liability company, which authorized representative may, but need not be, a member of the limited liability company that the authorized representative forms.

“Bankruptcy” means an event that causes a person to cease to be a member as provided in s. 608.4237.

“Business” means every trade, occupation, or profession and other lawful business, purpose, or activity, whether or not carried on for profit.

“Capital account” means the agreed value of the initial contributions as provided in s. 608.4211, increased by the agreed value of subsequent contributions to capital, if any, and reduced by distributions of capital, unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or the operating agreement.

“Contribution” means any cash, property, or services rendered or a promissory note or other obligation to contribute cash or property or to perform services, which a person contributes to the limited liability company as a member.

“Conveyance” means any assignment, transfer, sale, lease, mortgage, hypothecation, or encumbrance.

“Court” includes every court and judge having jurisdiction in the action.

“Distribution” means a direct or indirect transfer of money or other property or incurrence of indebtedness by a limited liability company to or for the benefit of its members in respect of their economic interests.

“Entity” means, without limitation, any corporation; unincorporated association or business; limited liability company; business trust, real estate investment trust, common law trust, or other trust, general partnership, limited liability partnership, limited partnership, limited liability limited partnership, joint venture, or two or more persons having a joint or common economic interest; any state, local, federal, or foreign government, governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality; or any other domestic or foreign entity that is formed pursuant to the provisions of applicable law.

“Foreign limited liability company” means a limited liability company formed under the laws of any state other than Florida or under the laws of any foreign country or other foreign jurisdiction.

“Individual” means a natural person and includes the estate of a natural person.

“Insolvent” means the inability of a limited liability company to pay the limited liability company’s debts as they become due in the ordinary course of business or that the fair value of the limited liability company’s total assets would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus the amount that would be needed, if the limited liability company were to be dissolved and terminated at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the preferential distribution rights of the limited liability company’s members accrued through such dissolution and termination.

“Knowledge” means a person’s actual knowledge of a fact, and does not include constructive knowledge of a fact.

“Limited liability company” or “company” means a limited liability company organized and existing under this chapter.

“Majority-in-interest of the members” means, unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, members owning more than 50 percent of the then-current percentage or other interest in the profits of the limited liability company.

“Manager” means a person who is appointed or elected to manage a manager-managed company and, unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, a manager may be, but need not be, a member of the limited liability company.

“Manager-managed company” means a limited liability company that is designated to be managed by one or more managers.

“Managing member” means a member appointed or elected as a managing member of a member-managed company.

“Member” means any person who has been admitted to a limited liability company as a member in accordance with this chapter and has an economic interest in a limited liability company which may, but need not, be represented by a capital account or, in the case of a foreign limited liability company, has been admitted to a limited liability company as a member in accordance with the laws of the state or foreign country or other foreign jurisdiction under which the foreign limited liability company is organized.

“Member-managed company” means a limited liability company other than a manager-managed company.

“Membership interest,” “member’s interest,” or “interest” means a member’s share of the profits and the losses of the limited liability company, the right to receive distributions of the limited liability company’s assets, voting rights, management rights, or any other rights under this chapter or the articles of organization or operating agreement.

“Operating agreement” means, subject to s. 608.423, written or oral provisions that are adopted for the management and regulation of the affairs of the limited liability company and that set forth the relationships of the members, managers, or managing members and the limited liability company. The term includes amendments to the operating agreement.

“Person” means an individual or an entity.

“Personal or other legal representative” means, as to a natural person, the executor, administrator, guardian, conservator, or other legal representative of the natural person and, as to a person other than a natural person, the legal representative or successor of such person.

Sue and be sued, and defend, in its name.

Purchase, receive, lease, or otherwise acquire, own, hold, improve, use, and otherwise deal with real or personal property, or any legal or equitable interest in property, wherever located.

Sell, convey, mortgage, grant a security interest in, lease, exchange, and otherwise encumber or dispose of all or any part of its property.

Purchase, receive, subscribe for, or otherwise acquire, own, hold, vote, use, sell, mortgage, lend, grant a security interest in, or otherwise dispose of and deal in and with, shares or other interests in or obligations of any other entity.

Make contracts or guarantees, or incur liabilities; borrow money; issue its notes, bonds, or other obligations, which may be convertible into or include the option to purchase other securities of the limited liability company; or make contracts of guaranty and suretyship which are necessary or convenient to the conduct, promotion, or attainment of the business of a corporation the majority of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by the contracting limited liability company; a corporation which owns, directly or indirectly, a majority of the outstanding membership interests of the contracting limited liability company; or a corporation the majority of the outstanding stock of which is owned, directly or indirectly, by a corporation which owns, directly or indirectly, the majority of the outstanding membership interests of the contracting limited liability company, which contracts of guaranty and suretyship shall be deemed to be necessary or convenient to the conduct, promotion, or attainment of the business of the contracting limited liability company; or make other contracts of guaranty and suretyship which are necessary or convenient to the conduct, promotion, or attainment of the business of the contracting limited liability company.

Lend money, invest or reinvest its funds, and receive and hold real or personal property as security for repayment.

Conduct its business, locate offices, and exercise the powers granted by this chapter within or without this state.

Select managers or managing members and appoint officers, directors, employees, and agents of the limited liability company, define their duties, fix their compensation, and lend them money and credit.

Make donations for the public welfare or for charitable, scientific, or educational purposes.

Pay pensions and establish pension plans, pension trusts, profit-sharing plans, bonus plans, option plans, and benefit or incentive plans for any or all of its current or former managers, members, officers, agents, and employees.

Be a promoter, incorporator, shareholder, partner, member, associate, or manager of any corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, or other entity.

Make payments or donations or do any other act not inconsistent with law that furthers the business of the limited liability company.

A limited liability company name:

The name of the limited liability company must be distinguishable on the records of the Division of Corporations of the Department of State, except for fictitious name registrations filed pursuant to s. 865.09 and general partnership registrations filed pursuant to s. 620.8105; however, a limited liability company may register under a name that is not otherwise distinguishable on the records of the Division of Corporations with written consent of the owner entity provided the consent is filed with the Division of Corporations at the time of registration of such name.

The name of the limited liability company shall be filed with the Department of State for public notice only and shall not alone create any presumption of ownership beyond that which is created under the common law.

In the case of any limited liability company in existence prior to July 1, 2007, and registered with the Division of Corporations, the requirement in this section that the name of the entity be distinguishable from the names of other entities and filings shall not apply except when the limited liability company files documents on or after July 1, 2007, that would otherwise have affected its name.

In order to form a limited liability company, articles of organization of a limited liability company shall be filed with the Department of State by one or more members or authorized representatives of the limited liability company. The articles of organization shall set forth:

A limited liability company is formed at the time described in s. 608.409 if the person filing the articles of organization has substantially complied with the requirements of this section.

The articles of organization shall be executed by at least one member or the authorized representative of a member.

If the limited liability company is to be managed by one or more managers, the articles of organization may, but need not, include a statement that the limited liability company is to be a manager-managed company.

The fact that articles of organization are on file with the Department of State is notice that the entity formed in connection with the filing of the articles of organization is a limited liability company formed under the laws of this state. If the articles of organization contain any information described in subsections (4) and (6), the articles of organization shall be deemed notice of that information as well, provided, if such information has been added or changed by an amendment or restatement of the articles of organization, the articles of organization shall not be deemed notice of such fact until 90 days after the effective date of such amendment or restatement.

The articles of organization may also, but need not, identify one or more persons authorized to serve as a manager or managing member and may describe any limitations upon the authority of a manager or managing member, provided a provision in the articles of organization limiting the authority of a manager or managing member to transfer real property held in the name of the limited liability company is not notice of the limitation, to a person who is not a member or manager of the limited liability company, unless the limitation appears in an affidavit, certificate, or other instrument that bears the name of the limited liability company and is recorded in the office for recording transfers of such real property.

Any articles, certificate, or statement required by this chapter to be filed with the Department of State must be executed in the following manner:

Any person may sign a certificate through an attorney in fact, but a power of attorney to sign a certificate or statement authorizing the admission of a member must specifically describe the admission.

The execution of a certificate constitutes an affirmation by the person executing the certificate, under the penalties of perjury, that the facts stated therein are true.

If the articles of organization contain or any other document authorized or required to be filed under this chapter contains a false statement, one who suffers loss by reliance on the statement may recover damages for the loss from a person who signed the record or caused another to sign it on the person’s behalf and knew the statement to be false at the time the record was signed.

To be filed by the Department of State, a document must satisfy the following requirements, as supplemented or modified by any other section of this chapter:

The document may be accompanied by one exact or conformed copy.

Any signature on any certificate authorized to be filed by the Department of State under any provision of this chapter may be a facsimile, a conformed signature, or an electronically transmitted signature.

The Department of State files a document by stamping or otherwise endorsing the document as “filed,” together with the Secretary of State’s official title and the date and time of receipt. After filing a document, the Department of State shall deliver an acknowledgment or certified copy of the document to the domestic or foreign limited liability company or its representative.

The Department of State shall return any document the department refuses to file to the domestic or foreign limited liability company or its representative within 15 days after the document was received for filing, together with a brief, written explanation of the reason for refusal.

If the applicant returns the document with corrections in accordance with the rules of the Department of State within 60 days after it was mailed to the applicant by the Department of State and if at the time of return the applicant so requests in writing, the filing date of the document shall be the filing date that would have been applied had the original document not been deficient, except as to persons who justifiably relied on the record before correction and were adversely affected thereby.

The Department of State’s duty to file documents under this section is ministerial. Filing or refusing to file a document does not:

If not otherwise provided by law and the provisions of this chapter, the Department of State shall determine, by rule, the appropriate format for, number of copies of, manner of execution of, method of electronic transmission of, and amount of and method of payment of fees for, any document placed under its jurisdiction.

Unless a delayed effective date is specified, the limited liability company’s existence begins at the date and time when the articles of organization are filed, as evidenced by the Department of State’s date and time endorsement on the original document, or on a date specified in the articles of organization, if such date is within 5 business days prior to the date of filing.

The articles of organization may specify a delayed effective time and date of commencement of the limited liability company’s existence, and if so specified, the articles of organization shall become effective, and the limited liability company’s existence shall commence, at the time and date specified. If a delayed effective date, but no time, is specified, the articles of organization shall become effective, and the limited liability company’s existence shall commence, at the close of business on the delayed effective date. Unless otherwise permitted by this chapter, a delayed effective date for a document may not be later than the 90th day after the date on which the document is filed.

The Department of State’s filing of the articles of organization is conclusive proof that all conditions precedent to organization have been satisfied except in a proceeding by the state to cancel or revoke the organization or to administratively dissolve the organization.

A limited liability company shall not transact business or incur indebtedness, except that which is incidental to its organization or to obtaining subscriptions for or payment of contributions, until the effective date and time of the commencement of the limited liability company’s existence.

Each limited liability company shall keep at its principal office the following records:

A limited liability company shall provide members and their agents and attorneys access to its records at the limited liability company’s principal office or other reasonable locations specified in the operating agreement. The limited liability company shall provide former members and their agents and attorneys access for proper purposes to records pertaining to the period during which they were members. The right of access provides the opportunity to inspect and copy records during ordinary business hours. The limited liability company may impose a reasonable charge, limited to the costs of labor and material, for copies of records furnished.

A limited liability company shall furnish to a member, and to the legal representative of a deceased member or member under legal disability:

Each manager shall have the right to examine all of the information described in subsection (1) for a purpose reasonably related to his or her position as a manager. The manager of a limited liability company shall have the right to keep confidential from the members, for such period of time as the manager deems reasonable, any information which the manager reasonably believes to be in the nature of trade secrets or other information the disclosure of which the manager in good faith believes is not in the best interest of the limited liability company or could damage the limited liability company or its business or which the limited liability company is required by law or by agreement with a third party to keep confidential.

A limited liability company may maintain its records in other than a written form if such form is capable of conversion into written form within a reasonable time.

Any action to enforce any right arising under this section shall be brought in the appropriate circuit court.

The articles of organization of a limited liability company are amended by filing the articles of amendment thereto with the Department of State. The articles of amendment shall set forth:

Unless otherwise provided in this chapter or in the articles of amendment, the articles of amendment shall be effective when filed with the Department of State.

A limited liability company may, whenever desired, integrate into a single instrument all provisions of its articles of organization then in effect and it may at the same time further amend its articles of organization by adopting restated articles of organization which meet all the requirements of s. 608.407.

If the restated articles of organization merely restate and integrate but do not further amend the then-effective articles of organization, the limited liability company shall title the filing “Restated Articles of Organization,” together with such other words as the limited liability company deems appropriate. If the restated articles restate and integrate and also further amend in any respect the then-effective articles of organization, the limited liability company shall title the filing “Amended and Restated Articles of Organization,” together with such other words as the limited liability company deems appropriate. In each case described in this subsection, the document shall be executed as provided in this chapter for articles of organization and filed as provided by this chapter with the Department of State.

Restated articles of organization shall state, either in their heading or in an introductory paragraph, the limited liability company’s present name, and, if it has been changed, the name under which it was originally filed; the date of filing of its original articles of organization with the Department of State; and any future effective date or time if other than the date and time of the filing of the restated articles of organization. Restated articles of organization shall also state that they were duly executed and are being filed in accordance with this section. If the restated articles of organization only restate and integrate and do not further amend the limited liability company’s articles of organization as theretofore amended or supplemented and there is no discrepancy between those provisions and the restated articles of organization, they shall state that fact as well.

Upon the filing of the restated articles of organization with the Department of State, or upon any future effective date or time provided in restated articles of organization, the articles of organization existing prior to such filing shall be superseded and the restated articles of organization, including any further amendment or changes made thereby, shall become the limited liability company’s articles of organization. The original effective date of the limited liability company’s formation shall remain unchanged.

Any amendment or change effected in connection with the restatement and integration of the articles of organization shall be subject to any other provisions of this chapter, not inconsistent with this section, which would apply if separate articles of amendment were filed to effect such amendment or change.

A limited liability company or foreign limited liability company may correct the articles of organization filed of record with the Department of State within 30 business days after filing if the record contains a false or erroneous statement or was defectively signed.

The articles of organization filed of record are corrected:

The articles of correction are effective retroactively to the effective date of the articles of organization they correct except as to persons relying on the uncorrected articles of organization and adversely affected by the correction. As to those persons, the articles of correction are effective when filed.

Each limited liability company shall have and continuously maintain in this state:

A registered agent or a successor registered agent appointed pursuant to s. 608.416 on whom process may be served shall each file a statement in writing with the Department of State accepting the appointment as registered agent simultaneously with being designated. Such statement or acceptance shall state that the registered agent is familiar with, and accepts, the obligations of that position as provided for in this chapter.

The Department of State shall maintain an accurate record of the registered agents and registered office for the service of process and shall furnish any information disclosed thereby promptly upon request and payment of the required fee.

A limited liability company may not prosecute, maintain, or defend any action in any court until the limited liability company complies with the provisions of this section and pays to the Department of State a penalty of $5 for each day it has failed to comply or $500, whichever amount is less, and pays any other amount required under this chapter.

A limited liability company may change its registered office or agent by filing with the Department of State a statement setting forth:

Any registered agent may resign his or her agency appointment by signing and delivering for filing with the Department of State a statement of resignation and mailing a copy of such statement to the limited liability company at its principal office address shown in its most recently filed document. The agency is terminated and the registered office discontinued, if so provided, on the 31st day after the date on which the statement was filed with the Department of State. After receipt of the notice of the resignation of its registered agent, the limited liability company for which such registered agent was acting shall obtain and designate a new registered agent, to take the place of the resigning registered agent.

A registered agent may change the address of the registered office of any limited liability company for which such agent is the registered agency by notifying the limited liability company in writing of the change, signing, either manually or in facsimile, and delivering to the Department of State for filing a statement that complies with the requirements of paragraphs (1)(a)-(d), and reciting that the limited liability company has been notified of the change.

The contribution of a member may be in cash, property, or services rendered, or a promissory note or other obligation to contribute cash or property or to perform services.

A promise by a member to contribute to the limited liability company is not enforceable unless it is set out in writing signed by the member.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, a member is obligated to the limited liability company to perform any enforceable promise to contribute cash or property or to perform services, even if the member is unable to perform because of the member’s death or disability or any other reason. If a member does not make the required contribution of property or services, the member is obligated, at the option of the limited liability company, to contribute cash equal to that portion of the agreed value, as stated in the records of the limited liability company required to be kept pursuant to this chapter, of the stated contribution that has not been made. The foregoing option shall be in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other rights, including the right to specific performance, that the limited liability company may have against such member under the articles of organization or operating agreement or applicable law.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or the operating agreement, the obligation of a member to make a contribution or return money or other property paid or distributed in violation of this chapter may be compromised only by consent of all the members. Notwithstanding the compromise, the creditor of a limited liability company, who extends credit or otherwise acts in reasonable reliance upon that obligation after the member has signed a writing that indicates the obligation and before the amendment or cancellation of the writing to indicate the compromise, may enforce the original obligation to the extent the creditor relied on the obligation when extending credit.

The articles of organization or operating agreement of a limited liability company may provide that the interest of any member who fails to make any contribution that the member is obligated to make shall be subject to specified penalties for, or specified consequences of, such failure. Such penalties or consequences may take the form of reducing the defaulting member’s proportionate membership interest in the limited liability company, subordinating the defaulting member’s interest in the limited liability company to that of the nondefaulting members, a forced sale of the defaulting member’s membership interest, the forfeiture of the defaulting member’s membership interest, the lending by other members of the amount necessary to meet the defaulting member’s commitment, a fixing of the value of the defaulting member’s membership interest by appraisal or by formula and redemption or sale of the defaulting member’s membership interest at such value, or other penalties or consequences.

Unless otherwise provided in its articles of organization or the operating agreement, the limited liability company shall be a member-managed company.

In a member-managed company, unless otherwise provided in its articles of organization or operating agreement:

If the articles of organization or the operating agreement provide for the management of the limited liability company by a manager or managers, the management of the limited liability company shall be vested in a manager or managers and the limited liability company shall be a manager-managed company.

In a manager-managed company, unless otherwise provided in its articles of organization or operating agreement:

Action requiring the consent of members or managers under this chapter may be taken without a meeting, subject to the limitations of s. 608.4231.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, a member, managing member, or manager may appoint a proxy to vote or otherwise act for the member, managing member, or manager by signing an appointment instrument, either personally or by the member’s, managing member’s, or manager’s attorney-in-fact.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, a member, managing member, or manager may also hold the offices and have such other responsibilities accorded to them by the members and set out in the articles of organization or the operating agreement of the limited liability company.

Subject to ss. 608.4226 and 608.423, each manager and managing member shall owe a duty of loyalty and a duty of care to the limited liability company and all of the members of the limited liability company.

In discharging a manager’s or managing member’s duties, a manager or managing member is entitled to rely on information, opinions, reports, or statements, including financial statements and other financial data, if prepared or presented by:

In discharging a manager’s or managing member’s duties, a manager or managing member may consider such factors as the manager or managing member deems relevant, including the long-term prospects and interests of the limited liability company and its members, and the social, economic, legal, or other effects of any action on the employees, suppliers, customers of the limited liability company, the communities and society in which the limited liability company operates, and the economy of the state and the nation.

A member, manager, or managing member is not acting in good faith if the member, manager, or managing member has knowledge concerning the matter in question that makes reliance otherwise permitted by subsection (2) unwarranted.

A manager or managing member is not liable for any action taken as a manager or managing member, or any failure to take any action, if the manager or managing member performed the duties of the manager’s or managing member’s position in compliance with this section.

No contract or other transaction between a limited liability company and one or more of its members, managers, or managing members or any other limited liability company, corporation, firm, association, or entity in which one or more of its members, managers, or managing members are managers, managing members, directors, or officers or are financially interested shall be either void or voidable because of such relationship or interest, because such members, managers, or managing members are present at the meeting of the members, managers, or managing members or a committee thereof which authorizes, approves, or ratifies such contract or transaction, or because their votes are counted for such purpose, if:

For purposes of paragraph (1)(a) only, a conflict of interest transaction is authorized, approved, or ratified if it receives the affirmative vote of a majority of the managers or managing members, or of the committee, who have no relationship or interest in the transaction described in subsection (1), but a transaction may not be authorized, approved, or ratified under this section by a single manager of a manager-managed company or a single managing member of a member-managed company, unless the company is a single member limited liability company. If a majority of the managers or managing members who have no such relationship or interest in the transaction vote to authorize, approve, or ratify the transaction, a quorum is present for the purpose of taking action under this section. The presence of, or a vote cast by, a manager or managing member with such relationship or interest in the transaction does not affect the validity of any action taken under paragraph (1)(a) if the transaction is otherwise authorized, approved, or ratified as provided in that subsection, but such presence or vote of those managers or managing members may be counted for purposes of determining whether the transaction is approved under other sections of this chapter.

For purposes of paragraph (1)(b) only, a conflict of interest transaction is authorized, approved, or ratified if it receives the vote of a majority-in-interest of the members entitled to be counted under this subsection. Membership interests owned by or voted under the control of a manager or managing member who has a relationship or interest in the transaction described in subsection (1) may not be counted in a vote of members to determine whether to authorize, approve, or ratify a conflict of interest transaction under paragraph (1)(b). The vote of those membership interests, however, is counted in determining whether the transaction is approved under other sections of this act. A majority-in-interest of the members, whether or not present, that are entitled to be counted in a vote on the transaction under this subsection constitutes a quorum for the purpose of taking action under this section.

Except as provided in this chapter, the members, managers, and managing members of a limited liability company are not liable, solely by reason of being a member or serving as a manager or managing member, under a judgment, decree, or order of a court, or in any other manner, for a debt, obligation, or liability of the limited liability company;

Any such member, managing member, manager, or other person acting under the articles of organization or operating agreement of a limited liability company is not liable to the limited liability company or to any such other member, managing member, or manager for the member’s, managing member’s, manager’s, or other person’s good faith reliance on the provisions of the limited liability company’s articles of organization or operating agreement; and

The member’s, managing member’s, manager’s, or other person’s duties and liabilities may be expanded or restricted by provisions in a limited liability company’s articles of organization or operating agreement.

A manager or a managing member shall not be personally liable for monetary damages to the limited liability company, its members, or any other person for any statement, vote, decision, or failure to act regarding management or policy decisions by a manager or a managing member, unless:

For the purposes of this section, the term “recklessness” means acting, or failing to act, in conscious disregard of a risk known, or so obvious that it should have been known, to the manager or managing member, and known to the manager or managing member, or so obvious that it should have been known, to be so great as to make it highly probable that harm would follow from such action or failure to act.

A manager or managing member is deemed not to have derived an improper personal benefit from any transaction if the transaction and the nature of any personal benefit derived by the manager or managing member are not prohibited by state or federal law or the articles of organization or operating agreement and, without further limitation, the transaction and the nature of any personal benefit derived by a manager or managing member are disclosed or known to the members, and the transaction was authorized, approved, or ratified by the vote of a majority-in-interest of the members other than the managing member, or the transaction was fair and reasonable to the limited liability company at the time it was authorized by the manager or managing member, notwithstanding that a manager or managing member received a personal benefit.

The circumstances set forth in subsection (3) are not exclusive and do not preclude the existence of other circumstances under which a manager will be deemed not to have derived an improper benefit.

Subject to such standards and restrictions, if any, as are set forth in its articles of organization or operating agreement, a limited liability company may, and shall have the power to, but shall not be required to, indemnify and hold harmless any member or manager or other person from and against any and all claims and demands whatsoever.

Notwithstanding subsection (1), indemnification or advancement of expenses shall not be made to or on behalf of any member, manager, managing member, officer, employee, or agent if a judgment or other final adjudication establishes that the actions, or omissions to act, of such member, manager, managing member, officer, employee, or agent were material to the cause of action so adjudicated and constitute any of the following:

Except as otherwise provided in subsection (2), all members of a limited liability company may enter into an operating agreement, which need not be in writing, to regulate the affairs of the limited liability company and the conduct of its business, establish duties in addition to those set forth in this chapter, and to govern relations among the members, managers, and company. Any inconsistency between written and oral operating agreements shall be resolved in favor of the written agreement. The members of a limited liability company may enter into an operating agreement before, after, or at the time the articles of organization are filed, and the operating agreement takes effect on the date of the formation of the limited liability company or on any other date provided in the operating agreement. To the extent the operating agreement does not otherwise provide, this chapter governs relations among the members, managers, and limited liability company.

The operating agreement may not:

The power to adopt, alter, amend, or repeal the operating agreement of a limited liability company shall be vested in the members of the limited liability company unless vested in the manager or managers of the limited liability company by the articles of organization or operating agreement, provided that any amendment to a written operating agreement shall be in writing. The operating agreement adopted by the members or by the manager or managers may be repealed or altered; a new operating agreement may be adopted by the members; and the members may prescribe in any operating agreement made by them that such operating agreement may not be altered, amended, or repealed by the manager or managers.

Unless the articles of organization or the operating agreement provides otherwise, if the management of the limited liability company is vested in a manager or managers, the managers may adopt an operating agreement to be effective only in an emergency as defined in subsection (7). The emergency operating agreement, which is subject to amendment or repeal by the members, may make all provisions necessary for managing the limited liability company during an emergency, including procedures for calling a meeting of the managers and designation of additional or substitute managers.

All provisions of the regular operating agreement consistent with the emergency regulations remain effective during the emergency. The emergency operating agreement is not effective after the emergency ends.

Actions taken by the limited liability company in good faith in accordance with the emergency operating agreement have the effect of binding the limited liability company and may not be used to impose liability on a manager, employee, or agent of the limited liability company.

An emergency exists for purposes of this section if the limited liability company’s managers cannot readily be assembled because of some catastrophic event.

The articles of organization or operating agreement may provide for classes or groups of members having such relative rights, powers, and duties as the articles of organization or operating agreement may provide, and may make provision for the future creation in the manner provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement of additional classes or groups of members having such relative rights, powers, and duties as may from time to time be established, including rights, powers, and duties senior to existing classes and groups of members. The articles of organization or operating agreement may provide for the taking of an action, including the amendment of the articles of organization or operating agreement, without the vote or approval of any member or class or group of members, including an action to create under the provisions of the articles of organization or operating agreement a class or group of limited liability company interests that was not previously outstanding. The articles of organization or operating agreement may provide that any member or class or group of members shall have no voting rights.

The articles of organization or operating agreement may grant to all or certain identified members or a specified class or group of the members the right to vote separately or with all or any class or group of the members or manager on any matter. Voting by members may be on a per capita, number, financial interest, class, group, or any other basis.

If no conflicting voting provision is contained in the articles of organization or operating agreement:

Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in the articles of organization or operating agreement, in no event shall the articles of organization be amended by a vote of less than a majority-in-interest of the members.

Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in the articles of organization or operating agreement, members shall have the right to vote on a dissolution of the limited liability company as provided in s. 608.441 and on a merger of the limited liability company as provided in s. 608.4381.

Except as otherwise provided in the articles of organization or the operating agreement, if the members have appointed more than one manager or managing member to manage the business of the limited liability company, decisions of the managers or managing members shall be made by majority vote of the managers or managing members if at a meeting, or by unanimous written consent. Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, on any matter that is to be voted on by one or more managers or managing members, the managers or managing members may vote in person or by proxy. Within 10 days after obtaining such authorization by written consent, notice must be given to those managers or managing members who have not consented in writing or who are not entitled to vote on the action.

The articles of organization or operating agreement which grants a right to vote may set forth provisions relating to notice of the time, place, or purpose of any meeting at which any matter is to be voted on by any members, waiver of any such notice, action by consent without a meeting, the establishment of a record date, quorum requirements, voting in person or by proxy, or any other matter with respect to the exercise of any such right to vote.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, on any matter that is to be voted on by members, the members may take such action without a meeting, without prior notice, and without a vote if a consent or consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken, are signed by the members having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting, but in no event by a vote of less than a majority-in-interest of the members that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting. Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, on any matter that is to be voted on by members, the members may vote in person or by proxy. Within 10 days after obtaining such authorization by written consent, notice must be given to those members who have not consented in writing or who are not entitled to vote on the action.

Subject to subsections (2) and (3):

Subject to subsection (3), in a manager-managed company:

Unless the articles of organization or operating agreement limit the authority of a member, any member of a member-managed company or manager of a manager-managed company may sign and deliver any instrument transferring or affecting the limited liability company’s interest in real property. The instrument is conclusive in favor of a person who gives value without knowledge of the lack of the authority of the person signing and delivering the instrument.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, or with the written consent of all members, a member:

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, or with the written consent of all members, 120 days after the commencement of any proceeding against the member seeking reorganization, arrangement, composition, readjustment, liquidation, dissolution, or similar relief under any statute, law, or regulation, if the proceeding has not been dismissed, or if within 90 days after the appointment without the member’s consent or acquiescence of a trustee, receiver, or liquidator of the member or of all or any substantial part of the member’s properties, the appointment is not vacated or stayed, or within 90 days after the expiration of any such stay, the appointment is not vacated.

All property originally contributed to the limited liability company or subsequently acquired by a limited liability company by purchase or otherwise is limited liability company property.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or the operating agreement, property acquired with limited liability company funds is limited liability company property.

Instruments and documents providing for the acquisition, mortgage, or disposition of property of the limited liability company shall be valid and binding upon the limited liability company, if they are executed in accordance with this chapter.

The limited liability company may make distributions to its members in accordance with the provisions contained in the operating agreement, except that no distribution may be made if after the distribution the limited liability company would be insolvent. If the operating agreement does not provide for the payment of distributions to members, the distributions shall be made on the basis of the agreed value, as stated in the records of the limited liability company, of the contributions made by each member to the extent they have been received by the limited liability company and have not been returned.

The managers or managing members of a limited liability company may base a determination that a distribution is not prohibited under subsection (1) either on financial statements prepared on the basis of accounting practices and principles that are reasonable in the circumstances or on a fair valuation or other method that is reasonable in the circumstances. In the case of any distribution based upon such financial statement or such a valuation, each such distribution shall be identified as a distribution based upon such financial statements or a fair valuation of assets, and the amount distributed shall be disclosed to the receiving members concurrent with their receipt of the distribution.

A manager or managing member who votes for or assents to a distribution made in violation of this section, the articles of incorporation, or the operating agreement, is personally liable to the limited liability company for the amount of the distribution that exceeds what could have been distributed without such violation if it is established that the manager or managing member did not perform the manager’s or managing member’s duties in compliance with s. 608.4225. In any proceeding commenced under this section, a manager or managing member has all of the defenses ordinarily available to a manager or managing member.

A manager or managing member held liable under subsection (3) for an unlawful distribution is entitled to contribution:

A proceeding under this section is barred unless it is commenced within 2 years after the date on which the distribution was made. In the case of a distribution in the form of indebtedness, each payment of principal or interest is treated as a distribution.

A member may withdraw from a limited liability company only at the time or upon the occurrence of an event specified in the articles of organization or operating agreement and in accordance with the articles of organization or operating agreement. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary under applicable law, unless the articles of organization or operating agreement provides otherwise, a member may not resign from a limited liability company prior to the dissolution and winding up of the limited liability company. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary under applicable law, the articles of organization or operating agreement may provide that a limited liability company interest may not be assigned prior to the dissolution and winding up of the limited liability company.

Upon withdrawal, a withdrawing member is entitled to receive any distribution to which the withdrawing member is entitled under the articles of organization or operating agreement, and, if not otherwise provided in the articles of organization and operating agreement, the withdrawing member is entitled to receive, within a reasonable time after withdrawal, the fair value of the withdrawing member’s interest in the limited liability company as of the date of resignation based upon the withdrawing member’s right to share in distributions from the limited liability company.

In the absence of a statement in the articles of organization or the operating agreement to the contrary or the consent of all members of the limited liability company, a member, irrespective of the nature of the member’s contribution, has only the right to demand and receive cash in return for the member’s contribution to capital.

If a member receives a distribution in violation of the articles of organization, the operating agreement, or this chapter, the member is liable to the limited liability company for a period of 3 years thereafter for the amount of the distribution wrongfully made.

A member may not receive a distribution from a limited liability company to the extent that, after giving effect to the distribution, the limited liability company would be insolvent.

A limited liability company interest is assignable in whole or in part except as provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement. The assignee of a member’s interest shall have no right to participate in the management of the business and affairs of a limited liability company except as provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement and upon:

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement:

The articles of organization or operating agreement may provide that a member’s interest in a limited liability company may be evidenced by a certificate of membership interest issued by the limited liability company.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement and except to the extent assumed by agreement, until an assignee of a membership interest becomes a member, the assignee shall have no liability as a member solely as a result of the assignment.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, a limited liability company may acquire, by purchase, redemption, or otherwise, any membership interest or other interest of a member or manager in the limited liability company. Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, any such interest so acquired by the limited liability company shall be deemed canceled.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, an assignee of a limited liability company interest may become a member only if all members other than the member assigning the interest consent.

An assignee who has become a member has, to the extent assigned, the rights and powers, and is subject to the restrictions and liabilities, of the assigning member under the articles of organization, the operating agreement, and this chapter. An assignee who becomes a member also is liable for the obligations of the assignee’s assignor to make and return contributions as provided in s. 608.4211 and wrongful distributions as provided in s. 608.428. However, the assignee is not obligated for liabilities which are unknown to the assignee at the time the assignee became a member and which could not be ascertained from the articles of organization or the operating agreement.

If an assignee of a limited liability company interest becomes a member, the assignor is not released from liability to the limited liability company under ss. 608.4211, 608.4228, and 608.426.

On application to a court of competent jurisdiction by any judgment creditor of a member, the court may charge the limited liability company membership interest of the member with payment of the unsatisfied amount of the judgment with interest. To the extent so charged, the judgment creditor has only the rights of an assignee of such interest. This chapter does not deprive any member of the benefit of any exemption laws applicable to the member’s interest.

If a member who is an individual dies or if a court of competent jurisdiction adjudges a member who is an individual to be incompetent to manage the member’s person or property, the member’s executor, administrator, guardian, conservator, or other legal representative may exercise all the member’s rights for the purpose of settling the member’s estate or administering the member’s property, including any power the member had to give an assignee the right to become a member.

If a member is a corporation, limited liability company, trust, or other entity and is dissolved or terminated, the powers of that member may be exercised by its legal representative or successor.

“Affiliate” means a person that directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with another person. For purposes of s. 608.4352(2)(d), a person is deemed to be an affiliate of its senior executives.

“Appraisal event” means an event described in s. 608.4352(1).

“Beneficial member” means a person who is the beneficial owner of a membership interest held in a voting trust or by a nominee on the beneficial owner’s behalf.

“Converted entity” means the other business entity into which a domestic limited liability company converts pursuant to ss. 608.4401-608.4404.

“Fair value” means the value of the member’s membership interests determined:

“Interest” means interest from the effective date of the appraisal event to which the member objects until the date of payment, at the rate of interest determined for judgments in accordance with s. 55.03, determined as of the effective date of the appraisal event.

“Limited liability company” means the domestic limited liability company that issued the membership interest held by a member demanding appraisal and, for matters covered in ss. 608.4352-608.43595, includes the converted entity in a conversion or the surviving entity in a merger.

“Record member” means each person who is identified as a member in the current list of members maintained in accordance with s. 608.4101 by the limited liability company, or to the extent the limited liability company has failed to maintain a current list, each person that is the rightful owner of a membership interest in the limited liability company. An assignee of a membership interest is not a record member.

“Senior executive” means a manager or managing member or the chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief financial officer, or anyone in charge of a principal business unit or function of a limited liability company or of a manager or managing member of the limited liability company.

“Member” means a record member or a beneficial member.

“Membership interest” has the same meaning set forth in s. 608.402, except, if the appraisal rights of a member under s. 608.4352 pertain to only a certain class or series of a membership interest, the term “membership interest” means only the membership interest pertaining to such class or series.

“Surviving entity” means the other business entity into which a domestic limited liability company is merged pursuant to ss. 608.438-608.4383.

A member of a domestic limited liability company is entitled to appraisal rights, and to obtain payment of the fair value of that member’s membership interest, in the following events:

Notwithstanding subsection (1), the availability of appraisal rights shall be limited in accordance with the following provisions:

A member entitled to appraisal rights under this section and ss. 608.4353-608.43595 may not challenge a completed appraisal event unless the appraisal event:

A limited liability company may modify, restrict, or eliminate the appraisal rights provided in this section and ss. 608.4353-608.43595 in its operating agreement.

A record member may assert appraisal rights as to fewer than all the membership interests registered in the record member’s name which are owned by a beneficial member only if the record member objects with respect to all membership interests of the class or series owned by that beneficial member and notifies the limited liability company in writing of the name and address of each beneficial member on whose behalf appraisal rights are being asserted. The rights of a record member who asserts appraisal rights for only part of the membership interests of the class or series held of record in the record member’s name under this subsection shall be determined as if the membership interests to which the record member objects and the record member’s other membership interests were registered in the names of different record members.

A beneficial member may assert appraisal rights as to a membership interest held on behalf of the member only if such beneficial member:

If a proposed appraisal event is to be submitted to a vote at a members’ meeting, the meeting notice must state that the limited liability company has concluded that members are, are not, or may be entitled to assert appraisal rights under this act.

If the limited liability company concludes that appraisal rights are or may be available, a copy of ss. 608.4351-608.43595 must accompany the meeting notice sent to those record members entitled to exercise appraisal rights.

If the appraisal event is to be approved other than by a members’ meeting, the notice referred to in subsection (1) must be sent to all members at the time that consents are first solicited, whether or not consents are solicited from all members, and include the materials described in s. 608.4356.

If a proposed appraisal event is submitted to a vote at a members’ meeting, or is submitted to a member pursuant to a consent vote, a member who is entitled to and who wishes to assert appraisal rights with respect to any class or series of membership interests:

A person who may otherwise be entitled to appraisal rights, but who does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (1), is not entitled to payment under ss. 608.4351-608.43595.

If the proposed appraisal event becomes effective, the limited liability company must deliver a written appraisal notice and form required by paragraph (2)(a) to all members who satisfied the requirements of s. 608.4355.

The appraisal notice must be sent no earlier than the date the appraisal event became effective and no later than 10 days after such date and must:

A member who wishes to exercise appraisal rights must execute and return the form received pursuant to s. 608.4356(1) and, in the case of certificated membership interests and if the limited liability company so requires, deposit the member’s certificates in accordance with the terms of the notice by the date referred to in the notice pursuant to s. 608.4356(2)(b)2. Once a member deposits that member’s certificates or, in the case of uncertificated membership interests, returns the executed form described in s. 608.4356(2), the member loses all rights as a member, unless the member withdraws pursuant to subsection (3). Upon receiving a demand for payment from a member who holds an uncertificated membership interest, the limited liability company shall make an appropriate notation of the demand for payment in its records.

The limited liability company may restrict the transfer of such membership interests from the date the member delivers the items required by subsection (1).

A member who has complied with subsection (1) may nevertheless decline to exercise appraisal rights and withdraw from the appraisal process by so notifying the limited liability company in writing by the date set forth in the appraisal notice pursuant to s. 608.4356(2)(b)7. A member who fails to so withdraw from the appraisal process may not thereafter withdraw without the limited liability company’s written consent.

A member who does not execute and return the form and, in the case of certificated membership interests, deposit that member’s certificates, if so required by the limited liability company, each by the date set forth in the notice described in subsection (2), shall not be entitled to payment under this chapter.

If the member’s right to receive fair value is terminated other than by the purchase of the membership interest by the limited liability company, all rights of the member, with respect to such membership interest, shall be reinstated effective as of the date the member delivered the items required by subsection (1), including the right to receive any intervening payment or other distribution with respect to such membership interest, or, if any such rights have expired or any such distribution other than a cash payment has been completed, in lieu thereof at the election of the limited liability company, the fair value thereof in cash as determined by the limited liability company as of the time of such expiration or completion, but without prejudice otherwise to any action or proceeding of the limited liability company that may have been taken by the limited liability company on or after the date the member delivered the items required by subsection (1).

If the member states on the form provided in s. 608.4356(1) that the member accepts the offer of the limited liability company to pay the limited liability company’s estimated fair value for the membership interest, the limited liability company shall make such payment to the member within 90 days after the limited liability company’s receipt of the items required by s. 608.4357(1).

Upon payment of the agreed value, the member shall cease to have any interest in the membership interest.

A member who is dissatisfied with the limited liability company’s offer as set forth pursuant to s. 608.4356(2)(b)5. must notify the limited liability company on the form provided pursuant to s. 608.4356(1) of the member’s estimate of the fair value of the membership interest and demand payment of that estimate plus interest.

A member who fails to notify the limited liability company in writing of the member’s demand to be paid the member’s estimate of the fair value plus interest under subsection (1) within the timeframe set forth in s. 608.4356(2)(b)2. waives the right to demand payment under this section and shall be entitled only to the payment offered by the limited liability company pursuant to s. 608.4356(2)(b)5.

If a member makes demand for payment under s. 608.4358 which remains unsettled, the limited liability company shall commence a proceeding within 60 days after receiving the payment demand and petition the court to determine the fair value of the membership interest and accrued interest. If the limited liability company does not commence the proceeding within the 60-day period, any member who has made a demand pursuant to s. 608.4358 may commence the proceeding in the name of the limited liability company.

The proceeding shall be commenced in the appropriate court of the county in which the limited liability company’s principal office in this state is located or, if none, the county in which its registered agent is located. If the limited liability company is a foreign limited liability company without a registered agent in this state, the proceeding shall be commenced in the county in this state in which the principal office or registered agent of the domestic limited liability company was located at the time of the appraisal event.

All members, whether or not residents of this state, whose demands remain unsettled shall be made parties to the proceeding as in an action against their membership interests. The limited liability company shall serve a copy of the initial pleading in such proceeding upon each member party who is a resident of this state in the manner provided by law for the service of a summons and complaint and upon each nonresident member party by registered or certified mail or by publication as provided by law.

The jurisdiction of the court in which the proceeding is commenced under subsection (2) is plenary and exclusive. If it so elects, the court may appoint one or more persons as appraisers to receive evidence and recommend a decision on the question of fair value. The appraisers shall have the powers described in the order appointing them or in any amendment to the order. The members demanding appraisal rights are entitled to the same discovery rights as parties in other civil proceedings. There shall be no right to a jury trial.

Each member made a party to the proceeding is entitled to judgment for the amount of the fair value of such member’s membership interests, plus interest, as found by the court.

The limited liability company shall pay each such member the amount found to be due within 10 days after final determination of the proceedings. Upon payment of the judgment, the member shall cease to have any interest in the membership interests.

The court in an appraisal proceeding shall determine all costs of the proceeding, including the reasonable compensation and expenses of appraisers appointed by the court. The court shall assess the costs against the limited liability company, except that the court may assess costs against all or some of the members demanding appraisal, in amounts the court finds equitable, to the extent the court finds such members acted arbitrarily, vexatiously, or not in good faith with respect to the rights provided by this chapter.

The court in an appraisal proceeding may also assess the fees and expenses of counsel and experts for the respective parties, in amounts the court finds equitable:

If the court in an appraisal proceeding finds that the services of counsel for any member were of substantial benefit to other members similarly situated, and that the fees for those services should not be assessed against the limited liability company, the court may award to such counsel reasonable fees to be paid out of the amounts awarded the members who were benefited.

To the extent the limited liability company fails to make a required payment pursuant to s. 608.43575, the member may sue directly for the amount owed and, to the extent successful, shall be entitled to recover from the limited liability company all costs and expenses of the suit, including attorney’s fees.

No payment shall be made to a member seeking appraisal rights if, at the time of payment, the limited liability company is unable to meet the distribution standards of s. 608.428. In such event, the member shall, at the member’s option:

The member shall exercise the option under paragraph (1)(a) or paragraph (1)(b) by written notice filed with the limited liability company within 30 days after the limited liability company has given written notice that the payment for the membership interests cannot be made because of the restrictions of this section. If the member fails to exercise the option, the member shall be deemed to have withdrawn the notice of intent to assert appraisal rights.

As used in this section and ss. 608.4381-608.4383, the term “other business entity” or “another business entity” means a corporation, a limited liability company, a common law or business trust or association, a real estate investment trust, a general partnership, including a limited liability partnership, a limited partnership, including a limited liability limited partnership, or any other domestic or foreign entity that is organized under a governing law or other applicable law.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or the operating agreement of a limited liability company, pursuant to a plan of merger, a limited liability company may merge with or into one or more limited liability companies or other business entities formed, organized, or incorporated under the laws of this state or any other state, the United States, foreign country, or other foreign jurisdiction, if:

The plan of merger shall set forth:

The plan of merger may set forth:

Unless the articles of organization or the operating agreement of a limited liability company require a greater than majority vote, the plan of merger shall be approved in writing by a majority of the managers who are members of a limited liability company that is a party to the merger in which management is not reserved to its members. If no manager is a member, the plan of merger shall be approved by vote of the members as set forth in this section. Unless the articles of organization or the operating agreement of a limited liability company require a greater than majority vote or provide for another method of determining the voting rights of each of its members, and whether or not management is reserved to its members, the plan of merger shall be approved in writing by a majority-in-interest of the members of a limited liability company that is a party to the merger, and, if applicable, the vote of each member shall be weighted in accordance with s. 608.4231; provided, unless the articles of organization or the operating agreement of the limited liability company require a greater than majority vote or provide for another method of determining the voting rights of each of its members, if there is more than one class or group of members, the merger shall be approved by a majority-in-interest of the members of each such class or group, and, if applicable, the vote of each member shall be weighted in accordance with s. 608.4231.

In addition to the approval required by subsection (1), if the surviving entity is a partnership or limited partnership, no member of a limited liability company that is a party to the merger shall, as a result of the merger, become a general partner of such partnership or limited partnership unless such member specifically consents in writing to becoming a general partner of such partnership or limited partnership, and unless such written consent is obtained from each such member, such merger shall not become effective under s. 608.4383. Any member providing such consent in writing shall be deemed to have voted in favor of the plan of merger for purposes of ss. 608.4351-608.43595.

All members of each limited liability company that is a party to the merger shall be given written notice of any meeting or other action with respect to the approval of a plan of merger as provided in subsection (4), not fewer than 30 or more than 60 days before the date of the meeting at which the plan of merger shall be submitted for approval by the members of such limited liability company; provided, if the plan of merger is submitted to the members of the limited liability company for their written approval or other action without a meeting, such notification shall be given to each member not fewer than 30 or more than 60 days before the effective date of the merger. Pursuant to s. 608.455, the notification required by this subsection may be waived in writing by the person or persons entitled to such notification.

The notification required by subsection (3) shall be in writing and shall include:

The notification required by subsection (3) shall be deemed to be given at the earliest date of:

A plan of merger may provide for the manner, if any, in which the plan of merger may be amended at any time before the effective date of the merger, except after the approval of the plan of merger by the members of a limited liability company that is a party to the merger, the plan of merger may not be amended to:

If an amendment to a plan of merger is made in accordance with the plan and articles of merger have been filed with the Department of State, an amended certificate of merger executed by each limited liability company and other business entity that is a party to the merger shall be filed with the Department of State prior to the effective date of the merger.

Unless the limited liability company’s articles of organization or operating agreement or the plan of merger provide otherwise, notwithstanding the prior approval of the plan of merger by any limited liability company that is a party to the merger in which management is not reserved to its members, and at any time prior to the filing of articles of merger with the Department of State, the planned merger may be abandoned, subject to any contractual rights, by any such limited liability company by the affirmative vote of a majority of its managers without further action by its members, in accordance with the procedure set forth in the plan of merger or, if none is set forth, in the manner determined by the managers of such limited liability company.

After a plan of merger is approved by each limited liability company and each other business entity that is a party to the merger, the surviving entity shall deliver to the Department of State for filing a certificate of merger, which shall be executed by each limited liability company and by each other business entity as required by applicable law, and which shall set forth:

A copy of the certificate of merger, certified by the Department of State, may be filed in the official records of any county in this state in which any party to the merger holds an interest in real property.

A domestic limited liability company is not required to file a certificate of merger pursuant to subsection (1) if the domestic limited liability company is named as a party or constituent organization in articles of merger or a certificate of merger filed for the same merger in accordance with s. 607.1109(1), s. 617.1108, s. 620.2108(3), or s. 620.8918(1) and (2), and if the articles of merger or certificate of merger substantially complies with the requirements of this section. In such a case, the other articles of merger or certificate of merger may also be used for purposes of subsection (2).

Every limited liability company and other business entity that is a party to the merger merges into the surviving entity and the separate existence of every limited liability company and other business entity that is a party to the merger, except the surviving entity, ceases.

The title to all real estate and other property, or any interest therein, owned by each domestic limited liability company and other business entity that is a party to the merger is vested in the surviving entity without reversion or impairment by reason of this chapter.

The surviving entity shall thereafter be responsible and liable for all the liabilities and obligations of each limited liability company and other business entity that is a party to the merger, including liabilities arising out of the appraisal rights under ss. 608.4351-608.43595 with respect to such merger under applicable law.

Any claim existing or action or proceeding pending by or against any limited liability company or other business entity that is a party to the merger may be continued as if the merger did not occur or the surviving entity may be substituted in the proceeding for the limited liability company or other business entity which ceased existence.

Neither the rights of creditors nor any liens upon the property of any limited liability company or other business entity shall be impaired by such merger.

If a limited liability company is the surviving entity, the articles of organization and the operating agreement of such limited liability company in effect immediately prior to the time the merger becomes effective shall be the articles of organization and the operating agreement of the surviving entity, except as amended or restated to the extent provided in the plan of merger.

The partnership and membership interests, shares, obligations, or other securities and other interests, and the rights to acquire such shares, obligations, or other securities and other interests, of each limited liability company and other business entity that is a party to the merger shall be converted into partnership and membership interests, shares, obligations, or other securities and other interests, or rights to such securities, obligations, or other interests, of the surviving entity or, in whole or in part, into cash or other property as provided in the plan of merger, and the former members of each limited liability company merging into another business entity shall be entitled only to the rights provided in the plan of merger and to their appraisal rights, if any, under ss. 608.4351-608.43595, or other applicable law.

As used in this section, the term “other business entity” or “another business entity” means a corporation; a common law or business trust or association; a real estate investment trust; a general partnership, including a limited liability partnership; a limited partnership, including a limited liability limited partnership; or any other domestic or foreign entity that is organized under a governing law or other applicable law, provided such term shall not include a domestic limited liability company.

Any other business entity may convert to a domestic limited liability company if the conversion is permitted by the laws of the jurisdiction that enacted the statute or other applicable law governing the other business entity and the other business entity complies with such laws and the requirements of this section in effecting the conversion. The other business entity shall file with the Department of State in accordance with s. 608.4081:

The certificate of conversion to a limited liability company shall state:

Upon the filing in the Department of State of the certificate of conversion to a limited liability company and the articles of organization or upon the delayed effective date or time of the certificate of conversion and the articles of organization, the other entity shall be converted into a domestic limited liability company and the limited liability company shall thereafter be subject to all of the provisions of this chapter, except that notwithstanding s. 608.409, the existence of the limited liability company shall be deemed to have commenced when the other entity commenced its existence in the jurisdiction in which the other entity was first organized.

The conversion of any other entity into a domestic limited liability company shall not affect any obligations or liabilities of the other entity incurred prior to its conversion into a domestic limited liability company or the personal liability of any person incurred prior to such conversion.

When any conversion becomes effective under this section, for all purposes of the laws of this state, all of the rights, privileges, and powers of the other entity that has converted, and all property, real, personal, and mixed, and all debts due to such other entity, as well as all other things and causes of action belonging to such other entity, shall be vested in the domestic limited liability company into which it was converted and shall thereafter be the property of the domestic limited liability company as they were of the other entity that has converted, and the title to any real property vested by deed or otherwise in such other entity shall not revert or be in any way impaired by reason of this chapter, but all rights of creditors and all liens upon any property of such other entity shall be preserved unimpaired, and all debts, liabilities, and duties of the other entity that has converted shall thenceforth attach to the domestic limited liability company and may be enforced against it to the same extent as if said debts, liabilities, and duties had been incurred or contracted by it.

Unless otherwise agreed, or as required under applicable non-Florida law, the converting entity shall not be required to wind up its affairs or pay its liabilities and distribute its assets, and the conversion shall not constitute a dissolution of the converting entity and shall constitute a continuation of the existence of the converting entity in the form of a domestic limited liability company.

Prior to filing a certificate of conversion with the Department of State, the conversion shall be approved in the manner provided for by the document, instrument, agreement, or other writing, as the case may be, governing the internal affairs of the other entity and the conduct of its business or by applicable law, as appropriate, and the articles of organization or operating agreement shall be approved by the same authorization required to approve the conversion. As part of such an approval, a plan of conversion or other record may describe the manner and basis of converting the shares, partnership interests, limited liability company interests, obligations, or securities of, or other interests in, the other business entity which is to be converted, or any rights to acquire any such shares, interests, obligations, or other securities, into limited liability company interests, obligations, or other securities of the domestic limited liability company, or rights to acquire interests, obligations, or other securities, or, in whole or in part, into cash or other consideration. Such a plan or other record may also contain other provisions relating to the conversion, including without limitation the right of the other business entity to abandon a proposed conversion, or an effective date for the conversion that is not inconsistent with paragraph (3)(d).

The provisions of this section shall not be construed to limit the accomplishment of a change in the law governing, or the domicile of, any other entity to this state by any other means provided for in the articles of organization or operating agreement or other agreement or as otherwise permitted by law, including by the amendment of the articles of organization or operating agreement or other agreement.

As used in this section and ss. 608.4402, 608.4403, and 608.4404, the term “other business entity” or “another business entity” means a corporation; a common law or business trust or association; a real estate investment trust; a general partnership, including a limited liability partnership; a limited partnership, including a limited liability limited partnership; or any other domestic or foreign entity that is organized under a governing law or other applicable law, provided such term shall not include a domestic limited liability company.

Pursuant to a plan of conversion complying and approved in accordance with this section and s. 608.4402, a domestic limited liability company may convert to another business entity organized under the laws of this state or any other state, the United States, a foreign country, or any other foreign jurisdiction, if:

The plan of conversion shall set forth:

The plan of conversion shall include, or have attached, the articles, certificate, registration, or other organizational document by which the other business entity has been organized under its governing law.

A plan of conversion may provide for the manner, if any, in which the plan of conversion may be amended at any time before the effective date of the conversion, except after the approval of the plan of conversion by the members of the limited liability company to be converted, the plan of conversion may not be amended to:

If an amendment to a plan of conversion is made in accordance with the plan of conversion and a certificate of conversion has been filed with the Department of State, an amended certificate of conversion executed by the limited liability company shall be filed with the Department of State prior to the effective date of the conversion.

The plan of conversion may also set forth any other provisions relating to the conversion, including, without limitation, a statement of the method of determining the fair value, as defined in s. 608.4351, of an interest in the limited liability company.

Unless the articles of organization or the operating agreement of a limited liability company requires a greater than majority vote, the plan of conversion shall be approved in writing by a majority of the managers who are members of a converting limited liability company in which management is not reserved to its members. If no manager is a member, the plan of conversion shall be approved by vote of the members as set forth in this section. Unless the articles of organization or the operating agreement of the converting limited liability company requires a greater than majority vote or provides for another method of determining the voting rights of each of its members, and whether or not management is reserved to its members, the plan of conversion shall be approved in writing by a majority-in-interest of the members of the converting limited liability company and, if applicable, the vote of each member shall be weighted in accordance with s. 608.4231, provided, unless the articles of organization or the operating agreement of the converting limited liability company requires a greater than majority vote or provides for another method of determining the voting rights of each of its members, if there is more than one class or group of members, the conversion shall be approved by a majority-in-interest of the members of each such class or group, and, if applicable, the vote of each member shall be weighted in accordance with s. 608.4231.

In addition to the approval required by subsection (1), if the other business entity is a partnership or limited partnership, no member of a converting limited liability company shall become a general partner of such partnership or limited partnership as a result of the conversion unless such member specifically consents in writing to becoming a general partner of such partnership or limited partnership, and, unless such written consent is obtained from each such member, the conversion shall not become effective under s. 608.4404. Any member providing such consent in writing shall also be deemed to have voted in favor of the plan of conversion for purposes of ss. 608.4351-608.43595.

All members of the limited liability company to be converted shall be given written notice of any meeting or other action with respect to the approval of a plan of conversion as provided in subsections (4) and (5), not fewer than 30 or more than 60 days before the date of the meeting at which the plan of conversion shall be submitted for approval by the members of such limited liability company, provided, if the plan of conversion is submitted to the members of the limited liability company for their written approval or other action without a meeting, such notification shall be given to each member not fewer than 30 or more than 60 days before the effective date of the conversion. Pursuant to s. 608.455, the notification required by this subsection may be waived in writing by any person entitled to such notification.

The notification required by subsection (3) shall be in writing and shall include:

The notification required by subsection (3) shall be deemed to be given at the earliest date of:

Unless the converting limited liability company’s articles of organization or operating agreement or the plan of conversion provides otherwise, notwithstanding the prior approval of the plan of conversion by the managers or members of a converting limited liability company in which management is not reserved to its members, and at any time prior to the filing of the certificate of conversion with the Department of State, the planned conversion may be abandoned, subject to any contractual rights, by such limited liability company by the affirmative vote of a majority of its managers without further action by its members, in accordance with the procedure set forth in the plan of conversion, or if none is set forth in such plan, in the manner determined by the managers of such limited liability company.

After a plan of conversion is approved by a converting limited liability company, the limited liability company shall deliver to the Department of State for filing a certificate of conversion, which shall be executed by the converting limited liability company, and which shall set forth:

A copy of the certificate of conversion, certified by the Department of State, may be filed in the official records of any county in this state in which the converting limited liability company holds an interest in real property.

A converting limited liability company is not required to file a certificate of conversion pursuant to subsection (1) if the converting limited liability company files a certificate of conversion that substantially complies with the requirements of this section pursuant to s. 607.1115, s. 620.2104(1)(b), or s. 620.8914(1)(b) and contains the signatures required by this chapter. In such a case, the other certificate of conversion may also be used for purposes of subsection (2).

A domestic limited liability company that has been converted into another business entity pursuant to this chapter is for all purposes the same entity that existed before the conversion.

The title to all real property and other property, or any interest therein, owned by the domestic limited liability company at the time of its conversion into the other business entity remains vested in the converted entity without reversion or impairment by operation of this chapter.

The other business entity into which the domestic limited liability company was converted shall continue to be responsible and liable for all the liabilities and obligations of such limited liability company, including any liability to members having appraisal rights under ss. 608.4351-608.43595 with respect to such conversion.

Any claim existing or action or proceeding pending by or against any domestic limited liability company that is converted into another business entity may be continued as if the conversion did not occur. If the converted entity is a foreign entity, such entity shall be deemed to have consented to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state to enforce any obligation of the converting domestic limited liability company if, before the conversion, the converting domestic limited liability company was subject to suit in this state on the obligation. A converted entity that is a foreign entity and not authorized to transact business in this state appoints the Department of State as its agent for service of process for purposes of enforcing an obligation under this subsection, including any appraisal rights of members under ss. 608.4351-608.43595 to the extent applicable to the conversion. Service on the Department of State under this subsection is made in the same manner and with the same consequences as under s. 48.181.

Neither the rights of creditors nor any liens upon the property of a domestic limited liability company that is converted into another business entity under this chapter shall be impaired by such conversion.

The member interests, obligations, and other securities, or rights to acquire any member interests, obligations, or other securities, of the domestic limited liability company shall be converted into the shares, partnership interests, interests, obligations, or other securities of the other business entity, including any rights to acquire any such shares, interests, obligations, or other securities, or, in whole or in part, into cash or other consideration as provided in the plan of conversion. The former members of the converting domestic limited liability company shall be entitled only to the rights provided in the plan of conversion and to their appraisal rights, if any, under ss. 608.4351-608.43595 or other applicable law.

A limited liability company organized under this chapter shall be dissolved, and the limited liability company’s affairs shall be concluded, upon the first to occur of any of the following events:

So long as the limited liability company continues to have at least one remaining member, and except as provided in paragraph (1)(d) or as otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, the death, retirement, resignation, expulsion, bankruptcy, or dissolution of any member or the occurrence of any other event that terminates the continued membership of any member shall not cause the limited liability company to be dissolved, and upon the occurrence of any such event, the limited liability company shall be continued without dissolution.

Unless otherwise provided in the articles of organization or operating agreement, on application by or for a member, the circuit court may order dissolution of a limited liability company if it is established by a preponderance of the evidence that it is not reasonably practicable to carry on the business of the limited liability company in conformity with the articles of organization or the operating agreement.

Following the occurrence of any of the events specified in this section which cause the dissolution of the limited liability company, the limited liability company shall deliver articles of dissolution to the Department of State for filing.

A limited liability company may revoke its dissolution at any time prior to the expiration of 120 days following the effective date of the articles of dissolution.

Revocation of dissolution shall be authorized in the same manner as the dissolution was authorized.

After revocation of dissolution is authorized, the limited liability company may revoke the dissolution by delivering articles of revocation of dissolution to the Department of State for filing, together with a copy of its articles of dissolution, that set forth:

Revocation of dissolution is effective upon the effective date of the articles of revocation of dissolution.

When the revocation of dissolution is effective, it relates back to and takes effect as of the effective date of the dissolution and the limited liability company resumes carrying on its business as if dissolution never occurred.

A dissolved limited liability company may dispose of the known claims against it by following the procedures described in subsections (2), (3), and (4).

The dissolved limited liability company shall deliver to each of its known claimants written notice of the dissolution at any time after its effective date. The written notice shall:

A dissolved limited liability company may reject, in whole or in part, any claim made by a claimant pursuant to this subsection by mailing written notice of such rejection to the claimant within 90 days after receipt of such claim and, in all events, at least 150 days before expiration of 3 years following the effective date of dissolution. A notice sent by the limited liability company pursuant to this subsection shall be accompanied by a copy of this section.

A dissolved limited liability company electing to follow the procedures described in subsections (2) and (3) shall also give notice of the dissolution of the limited liability company to persons with claims contingent upon the occurrence or nonoccurrence of future events or otherwise conditional or unmatured, and request that such persons present such claims in accordance with the terms of such notice. Such notice shall be in substantially the form, and sent in the same manner, as described in subsection (2).

A dissolved limited liability company shall offer any claimant whose claim is contingent, conditional, or unmatured such security as the limited liability company determines is sufficient to provide compensation to the claimant if the claim matures. The dissolved limited liability company shall deliver such offer to the claimant within 90 days after receipt of such claim and, in all events, at least 150 days before expiration of 3 years following the effective date of dissolution. If the claimant offered such security does not deliver in writing to the dissolved limited liability company a notice rejecting the offer within 120 days after receipt of such offer for security, the claimant is deemed to have accepted such security as the sole source from which to satisfy the claimant’s claim against the limited liability company.

A dissolved limited liability company which has given notice in accordance with subsections (2) and (4) shall petition the circuit court in the county where the limited liability company’s principal office is located or was located at the effective date of dissolution to determine the amount and form of security that will be sufficient to provide compensation to any claimant who has rejected the offer for security made pursuant to subsection (5).

A dissolved limited liability company which has given notice in accordance with subsection (2) shall petition the circuit court in the county where the limited liability company’s principal office is located or was located at the effective date of dissolution to determine the amount and form of security which will be sufficient to provide compensation to claimants whose claims are known to the limited liability company but whose identities are unknown. The court shall appoint a guardian ad litem to represent all claimants whose identities are unknown in any proceeding brought under this subsection. The reasonable fees and expenses of such guardian, including all reasonable expert witness fees, shall be paid by the petitioner in such proceeding.

The giving of any notice or making of any offer pursuant to the provisions of this section shall not revive any claim then barred or constitute acknowledgment by the dissolved limited liability company that any person to whom such notice is sent is a proper claimant and shall not operate as a waiver of any defense or counterclaim in respect of any claim asserted by any person to whom such notice is sent.

A dissolved limited liability company which has followed the procedures described in subsections (2)-(7):

Such claims or obligations shall be paid in full, and any such provision for payments shall be made in full if there are sufficient funds. If there are insufficient funds, such claims and obligations shall be paid or provided for according to their priority and, among claims of equal priority, ratably to the extent of funds legally available therefor. Any remaining funds shall be distributed pursuant to s. 608.444; however, such distribution may not be made before the expiration of 150 days from the date of the last notice of rejections given pursuant to subsection (3).

A dissolved limited liability company which has not followed the procedures described in subsections (2) and (3) shall pay or make reasonable provision to pay all claims and obligations, including all contingent, conditional, or unmatured claims known to the limited liability company and all claims which are known to the dissolved limited liability company but for which the identity of the claimant is unknown. Such claims shall be paid in full, and any such provision for payment made shall be made in full if there are sufficient funds. If there are insufficient funds, such claims and obligations shall be paid or provided for according to their priority and, among claims of equal priority, ratably to the extent of funds legally available therefor. Any remaining funds shall be distributed pursuant to s. 608.444.

A member of a dissolved limited liability company, the assets of which were distributed pursuant to subsection (9) or subsection (10) is not liable for any claim against the limited liability company in an amount in excess of such member’s pro rata share of the claim or the amount distributed to the member, whichever is less.

A member of a dissolved limited liability company, the assets of which were distributed pursuant to subsection (9) is not liable for any claim against the limited liability company on which a proceeding is not begun prior to the expiration of 3 years following the effective date of dissolution.

The aggregate liability of any member of a dissolved limited liability company for claims against the dissolved limited liability company may not exceed the amount distributed to the member in dissolution.

A dissolved limited liability company continues its existence but may not carry on any business except that appropriate to wind up and liquidate its business and affairs, including:

Dissolution of a limited liability company does not:

The name of the dissolved limited liability company shall not be available for assumption or use by another limited liability company until 120 days after the effective date of dissolution.

To creditors, including members who are creditors, to the extent permitted by law in satisfaction of liabilities of the limited liability company, whether by payment or establishment of reserves, other than liabilities for distributions to members under s. 608.426 or s. 608.427.

Except as provided in the operating agreement, to members and former members in satisfaction of liabilities for distributions under s. 608.426 or s. 608.427.

Except as provided in the articles of organization or the operating agreement, to members pro rata in proportion to their then-current percentage, or other interests in the profits, of the limited liability company.

The name of the limited liability company.

The effective date of the limited liability company’s dissolution.

A description of the occurrence that resulted in the limited liability company’s dissolution pursuant to s. 608.441.

The fact that all debts, obligations, and liabilities of the limited liability company have been paid or discharged, or that adequate provision has been made therefor pursuant to s. 608.4421.

The fact that all the remaining property and assets have been distributed among its members in accordance with their respective rights and interests.

The fact that there are no suits pending against the limited liability company in any court or that adequate provision has been made for the satisfaction of any judgment, order, or decree which may be entered against it in any pending suit.

The articles of dissolution of the limited liability company shall be delivered to the Department of State. If the Department of State finds that such articles of dissolution conform to law, it shall, when all fees and license taxes have been paid as prescribed in this chapter, file the articles of dissolution.

The certificate of dissolution shall be returned to the representative of the dissolved limited liability company. Upon the issuance of such certificate of dissolution, the existence of the limited liability company shall cease, except for the purpose of suits, other proceedings, and appropriate action as provided in this chapter. The manager or managers in office at the time of dissolution, or the survivors of them, or, if none, the members, shall thereafter be trustees for the members and creditors of the dissolved limited liability company; and as such the trustees shall have authority to distribute any property of the limited liability company discovered after dissolution, to convey real estate, and to take such other action as may be necessary on behalf of and in the name of such dissolved limited liability company.

The Department of State may commence a proceeding under s. 608.4481 to administratively dissolve a limited liability company if:

The enumeration in subsection (1) of grounds for administrative dissolution shall not exclude actions or special proceedings by the Department of Legal Affairs or any state officials for the annulment or dissolution of a limited liability company for other causes as provided in any other law of this state.

If the Department of State determines that one or more grounds exist under s. 608.448 for dissolving a limited liability company, it shall serve the limited liability company with notice of its intent to administratively dissolve the limited liability company. If the limited liability company has provided the department with an electronic mail address, such notice shall be by electronic transmission. Administrative dissolution for failure to file an annual report shall occur on the fourth Friday in September of each year. The Department of State shall issue a certificate of dissolution to each dissolved limited liability company. Issuance of the certificate of dissolution may be by electronic transmission to any limited liability company that has provided the department with an electronic mail address.

If the limited liability company does not correct each ground for dissolution under s. 608.448(1)(b), (c), (d), or (e) or demonstrate to the reasonable satisfaction of the Department of State that each ground determined by the Department of State does not exist within 60 days after issuance of the notice, the Department of State shall administratively dissolve the limited liability company by issuing a certificate of dissolution that recites the ground or grounds for dissolution and its effective date. Issuance of the certificate of dissolution may be by electronic transmission to any limited liability company that has provided the department with an electronic mail address.

A limited liability company administratively dissolved continues its existence but may not carry on any business except that necessary to wind up and liquidate its business and affairs under s. 608.4431 and notify claimants under s. 608.4421.

A manager or member of a limited liability company dissolved pursuant to this section, purporting to act on behalf of the limited liability company, is personally liable for the debts, obligations, and liabilities of the limited liability company arising from such action and incurred subsequent to the limited liability company’s administrative dissolution only if the manager or member has actual notice of the administrative dissolution at the time such action is taken; but such liability shall be terminated upon the ratification of such action by the limited liability company’s members subsequent to the reinstatement of the limited liability company under s. 608.4482.

The administrative dissolution of a limited liability company does not terminate the authority of its registered agent.

If the Department of State determines that the application contains the information required by subsection (1) and that the information is correct, it shall cancel the certificate of dissolution and prepare a certificate of reinstatement that recites its determination and the effective date of reinstatement, file the original of the certificate, and serve a copy on the limited liability company.

When the reinstatement is effective, it relates back to and takes effect as of the effective date of the administrative dissolution and the limited liability company resumes carrying on its business as if the administrative dissolution had never occurred.

The name of the dissolved limited liability company shall not be available for assumption or use by another limited liability company until 1 year after the effective date of dissolution unless the dissolved limited liability company provides the Department of State with an affidavit executed as required by s. 608.408 permitting the immediate assumption or use of the name by another limited liability company.

If the Department of State denies a limited liability company’s application for reinstatement following administrative dissolution, it shall serve the limited liability company with a written notice that explains the reason or reasons for denial.

After exhaustion of administrative remedies, the limited liability company may appeal the denial of reinstatement to the appropriate court as provided in s. 120.68 within 30 days after service of the notice of denial is perfected. The limited liability company appeals by petitioning the court to set aside the dissolution and attaching to the petition copies of the Department of State’s certificate of dissolution, the limited liability company’s application for reinstatement, and the department’s notice of denial.

The court may summarily order the Department of State to reinstate the dissolved limited liability company or may take other action the court considers appropriate.

The court’s final decision may be appealed as in other civil proceedings.

In a proceeding by a manager or member if it is established that:

In a proceeding by a creditor if it is established that:

In a proceeding by the limited liability company to have its voluntary dissolution continued under court supervision.

Venue for a proceeding brought under s. 608.449 lies in the circuit court of the county where the limited liability company’s principal office is or was last located, as shown by the records of the Department of State, or, if none in this state, where its registered office is or was last located.

It is not necessary to make members parties to a proceeding to dissolve a limited liability company unless relief is sought against them individually.

A court in a proceeding brought to dissolve a limited liability company may issue injunctions, appoint a receiver or custodian pendente lite with all powers and duties the court directs, take other action required to preserve the limited liability company’s assets wherever located, and carry on the business of the limited liability company until a full hearing can be held.

A court in a judicial proceeding brought to dissolve a limited liability company may appoint one or more receivers to wind up and liquidate, or one or more custodians to manage, the business and affairs of the limited liability company. The court shall hold a hearing, after notifying all parties to the proceeding and any interested persons designated by the court, before appointing a receiver or custodian. The court appointing a receiver or custodian has exclusive jurisdiction over the limited liability company and all of its property wherever located.

The court may appoint a person authorized to act as a receiver or custodian. The court may require the receiver or custodian to post bond, with or without sureties, in an amount the court directs.

The court shall describe the powers and duties of the receiver or custodian in its appointing order, which may be amended from time to time. Among other powers:

The court during a receivership may redesignate the receiver a custodian, and during a custodianship may redesignate the custodian a receiver, if doing so is in the best interests of the limited liability company and its members and creditors.

The court from time to time during the receivership or custodianship may order compensation paid and expense disbursements or reimbursements made to the receiver or custodian and the receiver’s or custodian’s counsel from the assets of the limited liability company or proceeds from the sale of assets.

The court has jurisdiction to appoint an ancillary receiver for the assets and business of a limited liability company. The ancillary receiver shall serve ancillary to a receiver located in any other state, whenever the court deems that circumstances exist requiring the appointment of such a receiver. The court may appoint such an ancillary receiver for a foreign limited liability company even though no receiver has been appointed elsewhere. Such receivership shall be converted into an ancillary receivership when an order entered by a court of competent jurisdiction in the other state provides for a receivership of the limited liability company.

If after a hearing the court determines that one or more grounds for judicial dissolution described in s. 608.449 exist, it may enter a decree dissolving the limited liability company and specifying the effective date of the dissolution, and the clerk of the court shall deliver a certified copy of the decree to the Department of State, which shall file it.

After entering the decree of dissolution, the court shall direct the winding up and liquidation of the limited liability company’s business and affairs in accordance with s. 608.4431 and the notification of claimants in accordance with s. 608.4421, subject to the provisions of subsection (3).

In a proceeding for judicial dissolution, the court may require all creditors of the limited liability company to file with the clerk of the court or with the receiver, in such form as the court may prescribe, proofs under oath of their respective claims. If the court requires the filing of claims, it shall fix a date, which shall not be less than 4 months from the date of the order, as the last day for filing of claims. The court shall prescribe the deadline for filing claims that shall be given to creditors and claimants. Prior to the date so fixed, the court may extend the time for the filing of claims by court order. Creditors and claimants failing to file proofs of claim on or before the date so fixed may be barred, by order of court, from participating in the distribution of the assets of the limited liability company. Nothing in this section affects the enforceability of any recorded mortgage or lien or the perfected security interest or rights of a person in possession of real or personal property.

Each domestic limited liability company and each foreign limited liability company authorized to transact business in this state shall deliver to the Department of State for filing a sworn annual report on such forms as the Department of State prescribes that sets forth:

Proof to the satisfaction of the Department of State that on or before May 1 such report was deposited in the United States mail in a sealed envelope, properly addressed with postage prepaid, shall be deemed timely compliance with this requirement.

If an annual report does not contain the information required by this section, the Department of State shall promptly notify the reporting domestic or foreign limited liability company in writing and return the report to it for correction. If the report is corrected to contain the information required by this section and delivered to the Department of State within 30 days after the effective date of notice, it is deemed to be timely filed.

Each report shall be executed by the limited liability company by a managing member or manager or, if the limited liability company is in the hands of a receiver or trustee, shall be executed on behalf of the limited liability company by such receiver or trustee, and the signing thereof shall have the same legal effect as if made under oath, without the necessity of appending such oath thereto.

The first annual report shall be delivered to the Department of State between January 1 and May 1 of the year following the calendar year in which a domestic limited liability company was organized or a foreign limited liability company was authorized to transact business. Subsequent annual reports shall be delivered to the Department of State between January 1 and May 1 of the subsequent calendar years.

Information in the annual report shall be current as of the date the annual report is executed on behalf of the limited liability company.

Any limited liability company failing to file an annual report which complies with the requirements of this section shall not be permitted to prosecute, maintain, or defend any action in any court of this state until such report is filed and all fees, penalties, and taxes due under this chapter are paid and shall be subject to dissolution or cancellation of its certificate of authority to do business as provided in this chapter.

The department shall prescribe the forms on which to make the annual report called for in this section and may substitute the uniform business report, pursuant to s. 606.06, as a means of satisfying the requirement of this part.

For furnishing a certified copy, $30.

For filing original articles of organization, articles of revocation of dissolution, or a foreign limited liability company’s application for a certificate of authority to transact business, $100.

For filing a certificate of merger of limited liability companies or other business entities, $25 per constituent party to the merger, unless a specific fee is required for a party in other applicable law.

For filing an annual report, $50.

For filing an application for reinstatement after an administrative or judicial dissolution or a revocation of authority to transact business, $100.

For filing a certificate designating a registered agent or changing a registered agent, $25.

For filing a registered agent’s statement of resignation from an active limited liability company, $85.

For filing a registered agent’s statement of resignation from a dissolved limited liability company, $25.

For filing a certificate of conversion of a limited liability company, $25.

For filing any other limited liability company document, $25.

For furnishing a certificate of status, $5.

Process against a limited liability company may be served:

Any notice to or demand on a limited liability company organized pursuant to this chapter may be made:

Nothing contained in this section shall limit or affect the right to serve, in any other manner now or hereafter permitted by law, any process, notice, or demand required or permitted by law to be served upon a limited liability company.

A limited liability company classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, or a single member limited liability company which is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for federal income tax purposes, and organized pursuant to this chapter or qualified to do business in this state as a foreign limited liability company is not an “artificial entity” within the purview of s. 220.02 and is not subject to the tax imposed under chapter 220. If a single member limited liability company is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for federal income tax purposes, its activities are, for purposes of taxation under chapter 220, treated in the same manner as a sole proprietorship, branch, or division of the owner.

For purposes of taxation under chapter 220, a limited liability company formed in this state or authorized to transact business in this state as a foreign limited liability company shall be classified as a partnership, or a limited liability company which has only one member shall be disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for federal income tax purposes, unless classified otherwise for federal income tax purposes, in which case the limited liability company shall be classified identically to its classification for federal income tax purposes. For purposes of taxation under chapter 220, a member or an assignee of a member of a limited liability company formed in this state or qualified to do business in this state as a foreign limited liability company shall be treated as a resident or nonresident partner unless classified otherwise for federal income tax purposes, in which case the member or assignee of a member shall have the same status as such member or assignee of a member has for federal income tax purposes.

Single-member limited liability companies and other entities that are disregarded for federal income tax purposes must be treated as separate legal entities for all non-income-tax purposes. The Department of Revenue shall adopt rules to take into account that single-member disregarded entities such as limited liability companies and qualified subchapter S corporations may be disregarded as separate entities for federal tax purposes and therefore may report and account for income, employment, and other taxes under the taxpayer identification number of the owner of the single-member entity.

A foreign limited liability company may not transact business in this state until it obtains a certificate of authority from the Department of State.

The following activities, among others, do not constitute transacting business within the meaning of subsection (1):

The list of activities in subsection (2) is not exhaustive.

This section has no application to the question of whether any foreign limited liability company is subject to service of process and suit in this state under any law of this state.

A foreign limited liability company transacting business in this state without a certificate of authority may not maintain a proceeding in any court in this state until it obtains a certificate of authority.

The successor to a foreign limited liability company that transacted business in this state without a certificate of authority and the assignee of a cause of action arising out of that business may not maintain a proceeding based on that cause of action in any court in this state until the foreign limited liability company or its successor obtains a certificate of authority.

A court may stay a proceeding commenced by a foreign limited liability company or its successor or assignee until it determines whether the foreign limited liability company or its successor requires a certificate of authority. If it so determines, the court may further stay the proceeding until the foreign limited liability company or its successor obtains the certificate.

A foreign limited liability company which transacts business in this state without authority to do so shall be liable to this state for the years or parts thereof during which it transacted business in this state without authority in an amount equal to all fees, penalties, and taxes which would have been imposed by this chapter upon such limited liability company had it duly applied for and received authority to transact business in this state as required by this chapter. In addition to the payments thus prescribed, such limited liability company shall be liable for a civil penalty of not less than $500 or more than $1,000 for each year or part thereof during which it transacts business in this state without a certificate of authority. The Department of State may collect all penalties due under this subsection.

Notwithstanding subsections (1) and (2), the failure of a foreign limited liability company to obtain a certificate of authority does not impair the validity of any of its contracts, deeds, mortgages, security interests, or acts or prevent it from defending any proceeding in this state.

A member or a manager of a foreign limited liability company is not liable for the obligations of the foreign limited liability company solely by reason of the limited liability company’s having transacted business in this state without a certificate of authority.

If a foreign limited liability company transacts business in this state without a certificate of authority, the foreign limited liability company appoints the Secretary of State as its agent for substitute service of process pursuant to s. 48.181 for claims arising out of the transaction of business in this state.

A foreign limited liability company may apply for a certificate of authority to transact business in this state by delivering an application to the Department of State for filing. Such application shall be made on forms prescribed and furnished by the Department of State and shall set forth:

The foreign limited liability company shall deliver with the completed application a certificate of existence, or a document of similar import, duly authenticated by the official having custody of records in the jurisdiction under the law of which it is organized, not more than 90 days prior to delivery of the application to the Department of State. A translation of the certificate, under oath of the translator, shall be attached to a certificate which is in a language other than the English language.

A foreign limited liability company shall not be denied authority to transact business in this state by reason of the fact that the laws of the jurisdiction under which such limited liability company is organized governing its organization and internal affairs differ from the laws of this state.

A foreign limited liability company authorized to transact business in this state shall make application to the Department of State to obtain an amended certificate of authority if any statement in the limited liability company’s application was false or becomes false due to change in circumstances or if the foreign limited liability company changes:

Such application shall be made within 30 days after the occurrence of any change set forth in subsection (1), shall be made on forms prescribed by the Department of State, shall be executed and filed in the same manner as an original application for authority, and shall set forth:

The requirements of s. 608.503 for obtaining an original certificate of authority apply to obtaining an amended certificate under this section.

A certificate of authority authorizes the foreign limited liability company to which it is issued to transact business in this state subject, however, to the right of the Department of State to suspend or revoke the certificate as provided in this chapter.

A foreign limited liability company with a valid certificate of authority has the same but no greater rights and privileges than a domestic limited liability company. Unless otherwise provided by this chapter, a foreign limited liability company is subject to the same duties, restrictions, penalties, and liabilities now or later imposed on, a domestic limited liability company of like character.

This chapter does not authorize this state to regulate the organization or internal affairs of a foreign limited liability company authorized to transact business in this state. The laws of the state or other jurisdiction under which a foreign limited liability company is organized govern the foreign limited liability company’s organization, internal affairs, and the liability of its managers, members, and their transferees.

A foreign limited liability company is not entitled to file an application for a certificate of authority unless the name of such limited liability company satisfies the requirements of s. 608.406. If the limited liability company name of a foreign limited liability company does not satisfy the requirements of s. 608.406, the foreign limited liability company, to obtain or maintain a certificate of authority to transact business in this state may use a fictitious name to transact business in this state if it delivers to the Department of State for filing a copy of the consent of its managing members or managers, adopting the fictitious name. The fictitious name adopted shall satisfy the requirements of s. 608.406.

If a foreign limited liability company authorized to transact business in this state changes its corporate name to one that does not satisfy the requirements of s. 608.406, it may not transact business in this state under the changed name until it adopts a name satisfying the requirements of s. 608.406 and obtains an amended certificate of authority under s. 608.504.

A registered office that may be the same as any of its places of business.

A registered agent, which may be either:

A foreign limited liability company authorized to transact business in this state may change its registered office or registered agent by delivering to the Department of State for filing a statement of change which satisfies the requirements of s. 608.408 and sets forth:

If a registered agent changes the street address of such agent’s business office, the registered agent may change the street address of the registered office of any foreign limited liability company for which the agent is the registered agent by notifying the limited liability company in writing of the change and signing, either manually or in facsimile, and delivering to the Department of State for filing a statement of change that complies with the requirements of paragraphs (1)(a)-(f) and recites that the limited liability company has been notified of the change.

The registered agent of a foreign limited liability company may resign his or her agency appointment by signing and delivering to the Department of State for filing the original statement of resignation and mailing a copy of such statement to the limited liability company at the limited liability company’s principal office address shown in its most recent annual report or, if none, shown in its certificate of authority or most recently filed document. This statement of resignation shall state that a copy of such statement has been mailed to the limited liability company at the address so stated. The statement of resignation may include a statement that the registered office is also discontinued.

The agency appointment is terminated, and the registered office discontinued if so provided, on the 31st day after the date on which the statement was filed.

The registered agent of a foreign limited liability company authorized to transact business in this state is the limited liability company’s agent for service of process, notice, or demand required or permitted by law to be served on the foreign limited liability company.

A foreign limited liability company may be served by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, addressed to the secretary of the foreign limited liability company at its principal office shown in its application for a certificate of authority or in its most recent annual report if the foreign limited liability company:

Service is perfected under subsection (2) at the earliest of:

This section does not prescribe the only means, or necessarily the required means, of serving a foreign limited liability company. Process against any foreign limited liability company may also be served in accordance with chapter 48 or chapter 49.

A foreign limited liability company authorized to transact business in this state may not withdraw from this state until it obtains a certificate of withdrawal from the Department of State.

A foreign limited liability company authorized to transact business in this state may apply for a certificate of withdrawal by delivering an application to the Department of State for filing. The application shall be made on forms prescribed and furnished by the Department of State and shall set forth:

After the withdrawal of the limited liability company is effective, service of process on the Department of State under this section is service on the foreign limited liability company. Upon receipt of the process, the Department of State shall mail a copy of the process to the foreign limited liability company at the mailing address set forth under subsection (2).

The foreign limited liability company has failed to file its annual report with the Department of State by 5 p.m. Eastern Time on the third Friday in September.

The foreign limited liability company does not pay, within the time required by this chapter, any fees, taxes, or penalties imposed by this chapter or other law.

The foreign limited liability company is without a registered agent or registered office in this state for 30 days or more.

The foreign limited liability company does not notify the Department of State under s. 608.508 or s. 608.509 that its registered agent has resigned or that its registered office has been discontinued within 30 days after the resignation or discontinuance.

The foreign limited liability company’s period of duration has expired.

A member, manager, or agent of the foreign limited liability company signed a document the member, manager, or agent knew was false in any material respect with intent that the document be delivered to the Department of State for filing.

The Department of State receives a duly authenticated certificate from the other official having custody of records in the jurisdiction under the law of which the foreign limited liability company is incorporated stating that it has been dissolved or disappeared as a result of a merger.

The foreign limited liability company has failed to answer truthfully and fully, within the time prescribed in s. 608.448, interrogatories propounded by the Department of State.

The foreign limited liability company failed to amend its certificate of authority as required by s. 608.504.

If the Department of State determines that one or more grounds exist under s. 608.512 for revocation of a certificate of authority, the Department of State shall serve the foreign limited liability company with notice of its intent to revoke the foreign limited liability company’s certificate of authority. If the foreign limited liability company has provided the department with an electronic mail address, such notice shall be by electronic transmission. Revocation for failure to file an annual report shall occur on the fourth Friday in September of each year. The Department of State shall issue a certificate of revocation to each revoked foreign limited liability company. Issuance of the certificate of revocation may be by electronic transmission to any foreign limited liability company that has provided the department with an electronic mail address.

If the foreign limited liability company does not correct each ground for revocation under s. 608.512(2)-(9) or demonstrate to the reasonable satisfaction of the Department of State that each ground determined by the Department of State does not exist within 60 days after issuance of notice, the Department of State shall revoke the foreign limited liability company’s certificate of authority by issuing a certificate of revocation that recites the ground or grounds for revocation and its effective date. Issuance of the certificate of revocation may be by electronic transmission to any foreign limited liability company that has provided the department with an electronic mail address.

The authority of a foreign limited liability company to transact business in this state ceases on the date shown on the certificate revoking its certificate of authority.

Revocation of a foreign limited liability company’s certificate of authority does not terminate the authority of the registered agent of the limited liability company.

If the Department of State determines that the application contains the information required by subsection (1) and that the information is correct, it shall cancel the certificate of revocation of authority.

When the reinstatement is effective, it relates back to and takes effect as of the effective date of the revocation of authority, and the foreign limited liability company resumes carrying on its business as if the revocation of authority had never occurred.

The name of the foreign limited liability company the certificate of authority of which has been revoked is not available for assumption or use by another limited liability company until 1 year after the effective date of revocation of authority unless the limited liability company provides the Department of State with an affidavit executed as required by s. 608.408 permitting the immediate assumption or use of its name by another limited liability company.

If the name of the foreign limited liability company has been lawfully assumed in this state by another limited liability company, the Department of State shall require the foreign limited liability company to comply with s. 608.506 before accepting its application for reinstatement.

If the Department of State revokes the authority of any foreign limited liability company to transact business in this state pursuant to the provisions of this chapter, such foreign limited liability company may likewise appeal to the circuit court of the county where the registered office of such limited liability company in this state is situated by filing with the clerk of such court a petition setting forth a copy of its application for authority to transact business in this state and a copy of the certificate of revocation given by the Department of State, whereupon the matter shall be tried de novo by the court, and the court shall either sustain the action of the Department of State or direct the department to take such action as the court deems proper.

Appeals from all final orders and judgments entered by the circuit court under this section in review of any ruling or decision of the Department of State may be taken as in other civil actions.

A person may not commence a proceeding in the right of a domestic or foreign limited liability company unless the person was a member of the limited liability company when the transaction complained of occurred or unless the person became a member through transfer by operation of law from one who was a member at that time.

A complaint in a proceeding brought in the right of a limited liability company must be verified and allege with particularity the demand made to obtain action by the managing members of a member-managed company or the managers of a manager-managed company and that the demand was refused or ignored. If the limited liability company commences an investigation of the charges made in the demand or complaint, the court may stay any proceeding until the investigation is completed.

The court may dismiss a derivative proceeding if, on motion by the limited liability company, the court finds that one of the groups specified in paragraphs (a)-(c) has made a determination in good faith after conducting a reasonable investigation upon which its conclusions are based that the maintenance of the derivative suit is not in the best interests of the limited liability company. The limited liability company shall have the burden of proving the independence and good faith of the group making the determination and the reasonableness of the investigation. The determination shall be made by:

A proceeding commenced under this section may not be discontinued or settled without the court’s approval. If the court determines that a proposed discontinuance or settlement will substantially affect the interest of the limited liability company’s members or a class, series, or voting group of members, the court shall direct that notice be given to the members affected. The court may determine which party or parties to the proceeding shall bear the expense of giving the notice.

On termination of the proceeding, the court may require the plaintiff to pay any defendant’s reasonable expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees, incurred in defending the proceeding if it finds that the proceeding was commenced without reasonable cause.

The court may award reasonable expenses for maintaining the proceeding, including reasonable attorney’s fees, to a successful plaintiff or to the person commencing the proceeding who receives any relief, whether by judgment, compromise, or settlement, and require that the person account for the remainder of any proceeds to the limited liability company; however, this subsection does not apply to any relief rendered for the benefit of injured members only and limited to a recovery of the loss or damage of the injured members.

For purposes of this section, “member” includes a beneficial owner whose limited liability company interests are held in a voting trust or held by a nominee on the member’s behalf.

The Department of State may direct to any limited liability company or foreign limited liability company subject to this chapter, and to any member or manager of any limited liability company or foreign limited liability company subject to this chapter, any interrogatories reasonably necessary and proper to enable the Department of State to ascertain whether the limited liability company or foreign limited liability company has complied with all of the provisions of this chapter applicable to the limited liability company or foreign limited liability company. The interrogatories shall be answered within 30 days after the date of mailing, or within such additional time as fixed by the Department of State. The answers to the interrogatories shall be full and complete and shall be made in writing and under oath. If the interrogatories are directed to an individual, they shall be answered by the individual, and if directed to a limited liability company or foreign limited liability company, they shall be answered by a manager of a manager-managed company, a member of a member-managed company, or a fiduciary if the company is in the hands of a receiver, trustee, or other court-appointed fiduciary.

The Department of State need not file any record in a court of competent jurisdiction to which the interrogatories relate until the interrogatories are answered as provided in this chapter, and not then if the answers thereto disclose that the record is not in conformity with the requirements of this chapter or if the Department of State has determined that the parties to such document have not paid all fees, taxes, and penalties due and owing this state. The Department of State shall certify to the Department of Legal Affairs, for such action as the Department of Legal Affairs may deem appropriate, all interrogatories and answers which disclose a violation of this chapter.

The Department of State may, based upon its findings hereunder or as provided in s. 213.053(15), bring an action in circuit court to collect any penalties, fees, or taxes determined to be due and owing the state and to compel any filing, qualification, or registration required by law. In connection with such proceeding, the department may, without prior approval by the court, file a lis pendens against any property owned by the corporation and may further certify any findings to the Department of Legal Affairs for the initiation of any action permitted pursuant to this chapter which the Department of Legal Affairs may deem appropriate.

The Department of State shall have the power and authority reasonably necessary to enable it to administer this chapter efficiently, to perform the duties herein imposed upon it, and to adopt reasonable rules necessary to carry out its duties and functions under this chapter.

Except as provided in subsection (2), the repeal of a statute by this chapter does not affect:

If a penalty or punishment imposed for violation of a statute is reduced by this chapter, the penalty or punishment if not already imposed shall be imposed in accordance with this chapter.