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The Florida Senate

2022 Florida Statutes (including 2022C, 2022D, 2022A, and 2023B)

Title XXXIX COMMERCIAL RELATIONS
Chapter 687
INTEREST AND USURY; LENDING PRACTICES
CHAPTER 687
CHAPTER 687
INTEREST AND USURY; LENDING PRACTICES
687.01 Rate of interest in absence of contract.
687.02 “Usurious contracts” defined.
687.03 “Unlawful rates of interest” defined; proviso.
687.0303 “Line of credit” defined.
687.0304 Credit agreements.
687.031 Construction, ss. 687.02 and 687.03.
687.04 Penalty for usury; not to apply in certain situations.
687.05 Provisions for payment of attorney’s fees.
687.06 Attorney’s fee in enforcing nonusurious contracts; proviso; insurance premiums; attorney’s fee provided in note.
687.071 Criminal usury, loan sharking.
687.08 Person lending money to give borrower receipt for payments; contents of receipt; penalty for violation.
687.09 Persons accepting chattel mortgage as security for loans under $100 to cause amount as principal, interest, and fees to be inserted.
687.10 Not applicable to chartered banks, trust companies, building and loan associations, savings and loan associations, or insurance companies.
687.12 Interest rates; parity among licensed lenders or creditors.
687.125 Compounding of interest.
687.13 International transactions.
687.14 Definitions.
687.141 Loan brokers; prohibited acts.
687.142 Responsibility of principals.
687.143 Loan brokers; investigations; cease and desist orders; administrative fines.
687.144 Investigations; examinations; subpoenas; hearings; witnesses.
687.145 Injunction to restrain violations.
687.146 Criminal penalties.
687.147 Actions for damages.
687.148 Duties and powers of the commission and office.
687.15 Benchmark replacements for the London Interbank Offered Rate.
687.01 Rate of interest in absence of contract.—In all cases where interest shall accrue without a special contract for the rate thereof, the rate is the rate provided for in s. 55.03.
History.—s. 1, ch. 1483, 1866; ss. 1, 2, ch. 1562, 1866; RS 2320; GS 3103; RGS 4849; CGL 6936; s. 1, ch. 22745, 1945; s. 1, ch. 82-42; s. 10, ch. 94-239.
687.02 “Usurious contracts” defined.—
(1) All contracts for the payment of interest upon any loan, advance of money, line of credit, or forbearance to enforce the collection of any debt, or upon any obligation whatever, at a higher rate of interest than the equivalent of 18 percent per annum simple interest are hereby declared usurious. However, if such loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance to enforce the collection of a debt, or obligation exceeds $500,000 in amount or value, then no contract to pay interest thereon is usurious unless the rate of interest exceeds the rate prescribed in s. 687.071.
(2) As amended by chapter 79-592, Laws of Florida, chapter 79-274, Laws of Florida, which amended subsection (1):
(a) Shall apply only to loans, advances of credit, or lines of credit made on or subsequent to July 1, 1979, and to loans, advances of credit, or lines of credit made prior to that date if the lender has the legal right to require full payment or to adjust or modify the interest rate, by renewal, assumption, reaffirmation, contract, or otherwise; and
(b) Shall not be construed as diminishing the force and effect of any laws applying to loans, advances of credit, or lines of credit, other than to those mentioned in paragraph (a), completed prior to July 1, 1979.
History.—s. 1, ch. 4022, 1891; GS 3104; s. 1, ch. 5960, 1909; RGS 4850; CGL 6937; s. 1, ch. 29705, 1955; s. 1, ch. 73-298; ss. 12, 15, ch. 79-274; s. 1, ch. 79-592; s. 1, ch. 80-310.
687.03 “Unlawful rates of interest” defined; proviso.—
(1) Except as provided herein, it shall be usury and unlawful for any person, or for any agent, officer, or other representative of any person, to reserve, charge, or take for any loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance to enforce the collection of any sum of money, or other obligation a rate of interest greater than the equivalent of 18 percent per annum simple interest, either directly or indirectly, by way of commission for advances, discounts, or exchange, or by any contract, contrivance, or device whatever whereby the debtor is required or obligated to pay a sum of money greater than the actual principal sum received, together with interest at the rate of the equivalent of 18 percent per annum simple interest. However, if any loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance to enforce the collection of a debt, or obligation exceeds $500,000 in amount or value, it shall not be usury or unlawful to reserve, charge, or take interest thereon unless the rate of interest exceeds the rate prescribed in s. 687.071. The provisions of this section shall not apply to sales of bonds in excess of $100 and mortgages securing the same, or money loaned on bonds.
(2)(a) The provisions of this section and of s. 687.02 shall not apply to loans or other advances of credit made pursuant to:
1. A commitment to insure by the Federal Housing Administration.
2. A commitment to guarantee by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.
3. A commitment to purchase a loan issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association; Government National Mortgage Association; Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation; any department, agency, or instrumentality of the Federal Government; or any successor of any of them, pursuant to any provision of the acts of Congress or federal regulations.
(b) This act shall apply only to loans or advances of credit made subsequent to the effective date of this act. All present laws shall remain in full force and effect as to loans or advances of credit made prior to the effective date of this act.
(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, any lessor or merchant, or any person who lends money or extends any other form of credit, who is regularly engaged in the business of selling or leasing merchandise, goods, or services which are for other than personal, family, or household purposes, or any assignee of such lessor, merchant, or person who lends money or extends any other form of credit, who is the holder of a commercial installment contract, each of which persons or entities is subject to the laws of any jurisdiction of the United States, any state, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or insular possession of the United States, may, if the contract so provides, charge a delinquency charge on each installment which is in default for a period of not less than 10 days in an amount not in excess of 5 percent of such installment. However, only one such delinquency charge may be collected on any installment, regardless of the period during which it remains in default. A delinquency charge imposed pursuant to this paragraph shall not be deemed interest or a finance charge made incident to or as a condition to the grant of the loan or other extension of credit and shall not be included in determining the limit on charges, as provided by this section, which may be made in connection with the loan or other extension of credit as provided by law of this state.
(3) For the purpose of this chapter, the rate of interest on any loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance to enforce the collection of a debt, or other obligation to pay interest shall be determined and computed upon the assumption that the debt will be paid according to the agreed terms, whether or not said loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance to enforce collection of a debt, or other obligation is paid or collected by court action prior to its term, and any payment or property charged, reserved, or taken as an advance or forbearance, which is in the nature of, and taken into account in the calculation of, interest shall be valued as of the date received and shall be spread over the stated term of the loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance to enforce collection of a debt, or other obligation for the purpose of determining the rate of interest. The spreading of any such advance or forbearance for the purpose of computing the rate of interest shall be calculated by first computing the advance or forbearance as a percentage of the total stated amount of such loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance to enforce collection of a debt, or other obligation. This percentage shall then be divided by the number of years, and fractions thereof, of the loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance to enforce collection of a debt, or other obligation according to its stated maturity date, without regard to early maturity in the event of default. The resulting annual percentage rate shall then be added to the stated annual percentage rate of interest to produce the effective rate of interest for purposes of this chapter. Moreover, for the purposes of this chapter, a loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance, or other obligation shall be deemed to exceed $500,000 in amount or value if:
(a) The outstanding principal indebtedness of such loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance, or other obligation initially exceeds $500,000; or
(b) The aggregate principal indebtedness of such loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance, or other obligation may reasonably be expected to exceed $500,000 during the term thereof, notwithstanding the fact that less than that amount in the aggregate is initially or at any time thereafter advanced in one transaction or a series of related transactions; or
(c) Such loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance, or other obligation exceeds $500,000 at any time, notwithstanding the fact that such indebtedness is or is not subsequently reduced to less than $500,000 and thereafter additional amounts are advanced in one transaction or a series of related transactions which in the aggregate do not exceed $500,000.
(4) If, as provided in subsection (3), a loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance, or other obligation exceeds $500,000, then, for the purposes of this chapter, interest on that loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance, or other obligation shall not include the value of property charged, reserved, or taken as an advance or forbearance, the value of which substantially depends on the success of the venture in which are used the proceeds of that loan, advance of money, line of credit, forbearance, or other obligation. Stock options and interests in profits, receipts, or residual values are examples of the type of property the value of which would be excluded from calculation of interest under the preceding sentence.
(5) As amended by chapter 79-592, Laws of Florida, chapter 79-274, Laws of Florida, which amended subsection (1):
(a) Shall apply only to loans, advances of credit, or lines of credit made on or subsequent to July 1, 1979, and to loans, advances of credit, or lines of credit made prior to that date if the lender has the legal right to require full payment or to adjust or modify the interest rate, by renewal, assumption, reaffirmation, contract, or otherwise; and
(b) Shall not be construed as diminishing the force and effect of any laws applying to loans, advances of credit, or lines of credit, other than to those mentioned in paragraph (a), completed prior to July 1, 1979.
History.—s. 2, ch. 4022, 1891; GS 3105; s. 2, ch. 5960, 1909; RGS 4851; CGL 6938; s. 2, ch. 29705, 1955; s. 1, ch. 70-331; s. 2, ch. 73-298; s. 1, ch. 74-232; ss. 1, 2, ch. 76-124; s. 1, ch. 77-374; s. 1, ch. 78-211; ss. 13, 15, ch. 79-274; s. 258, ch. 79-400; s. 1, ch. 79-592; s. 2, ch. 80-310; s. 34, ch. 93-268; s. 4, ch. 95-234.
687.0303 “Line of credit” defined.—
(1) The term “line of credit,” whenever used in this chapter, means an arrangement under which one or more loans or advances of money may be made available to a debtor in one transaction or a series of related transactions.
(2) The Legislature hereby declares that, as a matter of law, “line of credit,” as such term is defined in this section, is deemed to have been included in and governed by the provisions of this chapter as it existed prior to, on, and subsequent to July 1, 1979.
History.—ss. 2, 3, ch. 80-310.
687.0304 Credit agreements.—
(1) DEFINITIONS.—For the purposes of this section:
(a) “Credit agreement” means an agreement to lend or forbear repayment of money, goods, or things in action, to otherwise extend credit, or to make any other financial accommodation.
(b) “Creditor” means a person who extends credit under a credit agreement with a debtor.
(c) “Debtor” means a person who obtains credit or seeks a credit agreement with a creditor or who owes money to a creditor.
(2) CREDIT AGREEMENTS TO BE IN WRITING.—A debtor may not maintain an action on a credit agreement unless the agreement is in writing, expresses consideration, sets forth the relevant terms and conditions, and is signed by the creditor and the debtor.
(3) ACTIONS NOT CONSIDERED AGREEMENTS.—
(a) The following actions do not give rise to a claim that a new credit agreement is created, unless the agreement satisfies the requirements of subsection (2):
1. The rendering of financial advice by a creditor to a debtor;
2. The consultation by a creditor with a debtor; or
3. The agreement by a creditor to take certain actions, such as entering into a new credit agreement, forbearing from exercising remedies under prior credit agreements, or extending installments due under prior credit agreements.
(b) A credit agreement may not be implied from the relationship, fiduciary, or otherwise, of the creditor and the debtor.
History.—s. 1, ch. 89-130.
687.031 Construction, ss. 687.02 and 687.03.—Sections 687.02 and 687.03 shall not be construed to repeal, modify or limit any or either of the special provisions of existing statutory law creating exceptions to the general law governing interest and usury and specifying the interest rates and charges which may be made pursuant to such exceptions, including but not limited to those exceptions which relate to banks, Morris Plan banks, discount consumer financing, small loan companies and domestic building and loan associations.
History.—s. 3, ch. 29705, 1955.
687.04 Penalty for usury; not to apply in certain situations.—Any person, or any agent, officer, or other representative of any person, willfully violating the provisions of s. 687.03 shall forfeit the entire interest so charged, or contracted to be charged or reserved, and only the actual principal sum of such usurious contract can be enforced in any court in this state, either at law or in equity; and when said usurious interest is taken or reserved, or has been paid, then and in that event the person who has taken or reserved, or has been paid, either directly or indirectly, such usurious interest shall forfeit to the party from whom such usurious interest has been reserved, taken, or exacted in any way double the amount of interest so reserved, taken, or exacted. However, the penalties provided for by this section shall not apply:
(1) To a bona fide endorsee or transferee of negotiable paper purchased before maturity, unless the usurious character should appear upon its face, or unless the said endorsee or transferee shall have had actual notice of the same before the purchase of such paper, but in such event double the amount of such usurious interest may be recovered after payment, by action against the party originally exacting the same, in any court of competent jurisdiction in this state, together with an attorney’s fee, as provided in s. 687.06; or
(2) If, prior to the institution of an action by the borrower or the filing of a defense under this chapter by the borrower or receipt of written notice by the lender from the borrower that usury has been charged or collected, the lender notifies the borrower of the usurious overcharge and refunds the amount of any overcharge taken, plus interest on the overcharge taken at the maximum lawful rate in effect at the time the usurious interest was taken, to the borrower and makes whatever adjustments in the appropriate contract or account as are necessary to ensure that the borrower will not be required to pay further interest in excess of the amount permitted by s. 687.03.
History.—s. 3, ch. 4022, 1891; GS 3106; s. 3, ch. 5960, 1909; RGS 4852; CGL 6939; s. 1, ch. 79-90.
687.05 Provisions for payment of attorney’s fees.—No provision for the payment of attorney’s fees, or charge for exchange or similar charge shall render such instrument subject to the terms of any statute of this state, limiting the amount of interest which shall be charged on such instrument.
History.—s. 2, ch. 4374, 1895; GS 3107; RGS 4853; CGL 6940.
687.06 Attorney’s fee in enforcing nonusurious contracts; proviso; insurance premiums; attorney’s fee provided in note.—This chapter shall not be so construed as to prevent provision for the payment of such attorney’s fees as the court may determine in cases brought before the court to be reasonable and just for legal services rendered in enforcing nonusurious contracts, either at law or in equity. This chapter shall not be construed so as to prohibit mortgagees from contracting for or collecting premiums for insurance actually issued on the property mortgaged, with the usual loss payable or mortgage clause attached thereto; provided further, that it shall not be necessary for the court to adjudge an attorney’s fee, provided in any note or other instrument of writing, to be reasonable and just, when such fee does not exceed 10 percent of the principal sum named in said note, or other instrument in writing.
History.—s. 4, ch. 5960, 1909; s. 1, ch. 6870, 1915; RGS 4854; CGL 6941; s. 26, ch. 73-334.
687.071 Criminal usury, loan sharking.—
(1) DEFINITIONS.—The following words and phrases, as used in this section, shall have the following meanings:
(a) “Person” shall be construed to be defined as provided in s. 1.01.
(b) “Creditor” means any person who makes an extension of credit or any person claiming by, under, or through such person.
(c) “Debtor” means any person who receives an extension of credit or any person who guarantees the repayment of a loan of money for another person.
(d) “Extension of credit” means to make or renew a loan of money or any agreement for forbearance to enforce the collection of such loan.
(e) “Extortionate extension of credit” means any extension of credit whereby it is the understanding of the creditor and the debtor at the time an extension of credit is made that delay in making repayment or failure to make repayment could result in the use of violence or other criminal means to cause harm to the person, reputation, or property of any person.
(f) “Loan shark” means any person as defined herein who lends money unlawfully under subsection (2), subsection (3), or subsection (4).
(g) “Loan sharking” means the act of any person as defined herein lending money unlawfully under subsection (2), subsection (3), or subsection (4).
(2) Unless otherwise specifically allowed by law, any person making an extension of credit to any person, who shall willfully and knowingly charge, take, or receive interest thereon at a rate exceeding 25 percent per annum but not in excess of 45 percent per annum, or the equivalent rate for a longer or shorter period of time, whether directly or indirectly, or conspires so to do, commits a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(3) Unless otherwise specifically allowed by law, any person making an extension of credit to any person, who shall willfully and knowingly charge, take, or receive interest thereon at a rate exceeding 45 percent per annum or the equivalent rate for a longer or shorter period of time, whether directly or indirectly or conspire so to do, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(4) Any person who shall knowingly and willfully make an extortionate extension of credit to any person or conspire so to do commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. In any prosecution under this subsection, evidence that the creditor then had a reputation in the debtor’s community for the use or threat of use of violence or other criminal means to cause harm to the person, reputation, or property of any person to collect extensions of credit or to punish the nonrepayment thereof shall be admissible.
(5) Books of account or other documents recording extensions of credit in violation of subsections (3) or (4) are declared to be contraband, and any person, other than a public officer in the performance of his or her duty, and other than the person charged such usurious interest and person acting on his or her behalf, who shall knowingly and willfully possess or maintain such books of account or other documents, or conspire so to do, commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(6) No person shall be excused from attending and testifying or producing any books, paper, or other document before any court upon any investigation, proceeding, or trial, for any violation of this section upon the ground or for the reason that the testimony or evidence, documentary or otherwise, required of the person may tend to convict him or her of a crime or subject the person to a penalty or forfeiture, but no person shall be prosecuted or subjected to any penalty or forfeiture for or on account of any transaction, matter, or thing concerning which he or she may so testify or produce evidence, documentary or otherwise, and no testimony so given or produced shall be received against the person upon any criminal investigation or proceeding.
(7) No extension of credit made in violation of any of the provisions of this section shall be an enforceable debt in the courts of this state.
History.—s. 1, ch. 69-135; s. 676, ch. 71-136; s. 747, ch. 97-102; s. 1, ch. 2009-22.
687.08 Person lending money to give borrower receipt for payments; contents of receipt; penalty for violation.—
(1) Every person, or the agent, officer, or other representative of any person, lending money in this state upon security shall, whenever the borrower of such money makes a payment of any money, either principal or interest, immediately upon such payment being made, give to the borrower a receipt, dated of the date of such payment, which receipt shall state the amount paid and for what such payment is made. If such payment is for interest on the sum borrowed, the receipt shall so state. If the sum so paid is to be applied to the payment of the principal sum borrowed, the receipt shall so state. Every such receipt shall be duly and properly signed by the person, or the agent, officer, or other representative of the person, to whom such money is paid. In lieu of providing such receipt, a lender may furnish to the borrower an annual statement showing the amount of interest paid on the loan during the previous year as well as the remaining balance on the loan; except that a simple receipt shall be given to the borrower for each payment which is made in cash or for any payment for which receipt is requested in writing by the borrower.
(2) Whoever refuses, upon demand, to give a receipt or statement complying with the requirements of this section shall forfeit the entire interest upon such principal sum to the borrower.
History.—s. 6, ch. 5960, 1909; RGS 4856; CGL 6943; s. 4, ch. 84-193.
687.09 Persons accepting chattel mortgage as security for loans under $100 to cause amount as principal, interest, and fees to be inserted.—Every mortgagee accepting a mortgage on personal property as security for the repayment of a loan of money less than $100 shall cause to be stated in such mortgage, separately and distinctly, the several amounts secured as principal, interest and fees, and any mortgagee willfully violating the provisions of this section shall forfeit all interest and fees secured by such mortgage, and be entitled to recover only the principal sum.
History.—s. 7, ch. 5960, 1909; RGS 4857; CGL 6944.
687.10 Not applicable to chartered banks, trust companies, building and loan associations, savings and loan associations, or insurance companies.—The provisions of ss. 687.08 and 687.09 shall not apply to chartered banks, state or national, trust companies, building and loan associations or to savings and loan associations, whether chartered under state or federal statutes, or insurance companies.
History.—s. 8, ch. 5960, 1909; RGS 4858; CGL 6945; s. 1, ch. 59-50.
687.12 Interest rates; parity among licensed lenders or creditors.—
(1) Any lender or creditor licensed or chartered under chapter 516, chapter 520, chapter 657, chapter 658 or former chapter 659, former chapter 664 or former chapter 656, chapter 665, or part XV of chapter 627; any lender or creditor located in this state and licensed or chartered under the laws of the United States and authorized to conduct a lending business; or any lender or creditor lending through a licensee under part III of chapter 494, is authorized to charge interest on loans or extensions of credit to any person as defined in s. 1.01, or to any firm or corporation, at the maximum rate of interest permitted by law to be charged on similar loans or extensions of credit made by any lender or creditor in this state, except that the statutes governing the maximum permissible interest rate on any loan or extension of credit, and other statutory restrictions relating thereto, also govern the amount, term, permissible charges, rebate requirements, and restrictions for a similar loan or extension of credit made by any lender or creditor.
(2) This section shall be construed to permit any lender or creditor which is otherwise authorized to make a particular loan or extension of credit to charge interest at a rate permitted to be charged by other lenders or creditors on similar loans or extensions of credit, but shall not be construed to grant any lender or creditor the power or authority to make any particular type of loan or extension of credit which it is not otherwise authorized to make. For purposes of this section, direct loans for the purchase of goods or services, and extensions of credit for the acquisition of goods or services by the seller or provider thereof, shall be deemed to be similar loans or extensions of credit.
(3) In making loans or extensions of credit, lenders or creditors shall be subject only to the licenses, examinations, regulations, documents, procedures, and disclosures required by the respective laws under which each lender or creditor is licensed or organized, and not to those required by laws governing other lenders or creditors.
(4) In making loans or extensions of credit at a rate of interest that, but for this section, would not be authorized, lenders or creditors shall indicate on the promissory note or other instrument evidencing the loan or extension of credit the specific chapter of the Florida Statutes authorizing the interest rate charged.
History.—s. 1, ch. 77-371; s. 259, ch. 79-400; s. 474, ch. 81-259; s. 60, ch. 91-245; s. 206, ch. 92-303; s. 69, ch. 2009-241.
687.125 Compounding of interest.—Interest or finance charges on any loan or extension of credit secured by a mortgage which contains a provision for the compounding of interest may be compounded provided the total amount of interest received by the lender as a result of such compounding, including interest upon interest, produces an effective yield which does not exceed any interest rate limitation imposed by applicable law.
History.—s. 47, ch. 82-214.
687.13 International transactions.—
(1) The provisions of this chapter, other than s. 687.071, shall not apply to any loan made by any international bank agency or any bank, including an Edge Act corporation, organized under the laws of the United States or this state to borrowers who are neither residents nor citizens of the United States if such loan is clearly related to, and usual in, international or foreign business.
(2) The provisions of this chapter shall not apply to any international banking facility “deposit,” “borrowing,” or “extension of credit,” as those terms are defined by the commission pursuant to s. 655.071.
History.—s. 1, ch. 79-138; s. 10, ch. 81-179; s. 1872, ch. 2003-261.
687.14 Definitions.—As used in this act, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) “Advance fee” means any consideration which is assessed or collected, prior to the closing of a loan, by a loan broker.
(2) “Borrower” means a person obtaining or desiring to obtain a loan of money, a credit card, or a line of credit.
(3) “Commission” means the Financial Services Commission.
(4) “Loan broker” means any person, except any bank or savings and loan association, trust company, building and loan association, credit union, consumer finance company, retail installment sales company, securities broker-dealer, real estate broker or sales associate, attorney, federal Housing Administration or United States Department of Veterans Affairs approved lender, credit card company, installment loan licensee, mortgage broker or lender, or insurance company, provided that the person excepted is licensed by and subject to regulation or supervision of any agency of the United States or this state and is acting within the scope of the license; and also excepting subsidiaries of licensed or chartered consumer finance companies, banks, or savings and loan associations; who:
(a) For or in expectation of consideration arranges or attempts to arrange or offers to fund a loan of money, a credit card, or a line of credit;
(b) For or in expectation of consideration assists or advises a borrower in obtaining or attempting to obtain a loan of money, a credit card, a line of credit, or related guarantee, enhancement, or collateral of any kind or nature;
(c) Acts for or on behalf of a loan broker for the purpose of soliciting borrowers; or
(d) Holds herself or himself out as a loan broker.
(5) “Principal” means any officer, director, partner, joint venturer, branch manager, or other person with similar managerial or supervisory responsibilities for a loan broker.
(6) “Office” means the Office of Financial Regulation of the commission.
History.—s. 1, ch. 91-87; s. 35, ch. 93-268; s. 748, ch. 97-102; s. 57, ch. 2003-164; s. 1873, ch. 2003-261.
687.141 Loan brokers; prohibited acts.—No loan broker shall:
(1) Assess or collect an advance fee from a borrower to provide services as a loan broker.
(2) Make or use any false or misleading representations or omit any material fact in the offer or sale of the services of a loan broker or engage, directly or indirectly, in any act that operates or would operate as fraud or deception upon any person in connection with the offer or sale of the services of a loan broker, notwithstanding the absence of reliance by the buyer.
(3) Make or use any false or deceptive representation in its business dealings or to the office or conceal a material fact from the office.
History.—s. 2, ch. 91-87; s. 1874, ch. 2003-261.
687.142 Responsibility of principals.—Each principal of a loan broker may be sanctioned for the actions of the loan broker, including its agents or employees, in the course of business of the loan broker.
History.—s. 3, ch. 91-87.
687.143 Loan brokers; investigations; cease and desist orders; administrative fines.—
(1) The office may investigate the actions of any person for compliance with this act.
(2) The office may order a loan broker to cease and desist whenever the office determines that the loan broker has violated or is violating or will violate any provision of this act, any rule of the commission, order of the office, or written agreement entered into with the office.
(3) The office may impose and collect an administrative fine against any person found to have violated any provision of this act, any rule of the commission, order of the office, or written agreement entered into with the office in any amount not to exceed $5,000 for each such violation. All fines collected hereunder shall be deposited in the Bureau of Financial Investigations Administrative Trust Fund.
History.—s. 4, ch. 91-87; s. 3, ch. 97-60; s. 1875, ch. 2003-261.
687.144 Investigations; examinations; subpoenas; hearings; witnesses.—
(1) The office may make investigations and examinations upon reasonable suspicion within or outside of this state as it deems necessary to determine whether a person has violated or is about to violate any provision of this act or any rule or order promulgated thereunder.
(2) The office may gather evidence in the matter. The office may administer oaths, examine witnesses, and issue subpoenas.
(3) Subpoenas for witnesses whose evidence is deemed material to any investigation or examination may be issued by the office under the seal of the office commanding such witnesses to be or appear before the office at a time and place to be therein named and to bring such books, records, and documents as may be specified or to submit such books, records, and documents to inspection. Such subpoenas may be served by an authorized representative of the office.
(4)(a) In the event of substantial noncompliance with a subpoena or subpoena duces tecum issued by the office, the office may petition the circuit court of the county in which the person subpoenaed resides or has its principal place of business for an order requiring the person to appear and fully comply with the subpoena. The court may grant injunctive relief restraining the violation of this act and may grant such other relief, including, but not limited to, the restraint, by injunction or appointment of a receiver, of any transfer, pledge, assignment, or other disposition of such person’s assets or any concealment, alteration, destruction, or other disposition of subpoenaed books, records, or documents, as the court deems appropriate, until such person has fully complied with such subpoena or subpoena duces tecum and the office has completed its investigation or examination. The office is entitled to the summary procedure provided in s. 51.011, and the court shall advance the cause on its calendar. Costs incurred by the office to obtain an order granting, in whole or in part, such petition for enforcement of a subpoena or subpoena duces tecum shall be taxed against the subpoenaed person, and failure to comply with such order shall be a contempt of court.
(b) When it shall appear to the office that the compliance with a subpoena or subpoena duces tecum issued by the office is essential to an investigation or examination, the office, in addition to the other remedies provided for in this act, may, by verified petition setting forth the facts, apply to the circuit court of the county in which the subpoenaed person resides or has its principal place of business for a writ of ne exeat. The court may thereupon direct the issuance of the writ against the subpoenaed person requiring sufficient bond conditioned on compliance with the subpoena or subpoena duces tecum. The court shall cause to be endorsed on the writ a suitable amount of bond on payment of which the person named in the writ shall be freed, having a due regard to the nature of the case.
(5) Witnesses shall be entitled to the same fees and mileage as they may be entitled by law for attending as witnesses in the circuit court, except where such examination or investigation is held at the place of business or residence of the witness.
(6) The material compiled by the office in an investigation or examination under this act is confidential until the investigation or examination is complete. The investigation or examination is not deemed complete if the office has submitted the material or any part of it to any law enforcement agency or other regulatory agency for further investigation or for the filing of a criminal or civil prosecution and such investigation and prosecution has not been completed or becomes inactive.
History.—s. 5, ch. 91-87; s. 1, ch. 94-262; s. 1876, ch. 2003-261.
687.145 Injunction to restrain violations.—
(1) Whenever the office determines, from evidence satisfactory to it, that any person has engaged, is engaged, or is about to engage in an act or practice constituting a violation of this act or a rule or order promulgated thereunder, the office may bring action in the name and on behalf of the state against such person and any other person concerned in or in any way participating in or about to participate in such practice or engaging therein or doing any act or acts in furtherance thereof or in violation of this act to enjoin the person or persons from continuing the violation or acts in furtherance thereof. In such court proceedings, the office may apply for and on due showing be entitled to have issued, the court’s subpoena requiring the appearance of any defendant and his or her employees or agents, and the production of documents, books, and records that may appear necessary for the hearing of such petition, to testify or give evidence concerning the acts or conduct or things complained of in such application for injunction.
(2) In addition to all other means provided by law for the enforcement of any temporary restraining order, temporary injunction, or permanent injunction issued in such court proceedings, the court shall have the power and jurisdiction, upon application of the office, to impound and to appoint a receiver or administrator for the property, assets, and business of the defendant, including, but not limited to, the books, records, documents, and papers appertaining thereto. Such receiver or administrator, when appointed and qualified, shall have all powers and duties as to custody, collection, administration, winding up, and liquidation of said property and business as shall from time to time be conferred upon him or her by the court. In such action, the court may issue orders and decrees staying all pending suits and enjoining any further suits affecting the receiver’s or administrator’s custody or possession of the said property, assets, and business or, in its discretion, may, with the consent of the presiding judge of the circuit, require that all such suits be assigned to the circuit court judge appointing the said receiver or administrator.
(3) In addition to any other remedies provided by this act, the office may apply to the court hearing this matter for an order of restitution whereby the defendants in such action shall be ordered to make restitution of those sums shown by the office to have been obtained by them in violation of any of the provisions of this act. Such restitution shall, at the option of the court, be payable to the administrator or receiver appointed pursuant to this section or directly to the persons whose assets were obtained in violation of this act.
History.—s. 6, ch. 91-87; s. 749, ch. 97-102; s. 1877, ch. 2003-261.
687.146 Criminal penalties.—Whoever violates any provision of this act commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.—s. 7, ch. 91-87.
687.147 Actions for damages.—
(1) Any borrower injured by a violation of this act may bring an action for recovery of damages. Judgment shall be entered for actual damages, but in no case less than the amount paid by the borrower to the loan broker, plus reasonable attorney’s fees and costs. An award may also be entered for punitive damages.
(2) Any borrower injured by a violation of this act may bring an action against the surety bond or trust account, if any, of the loan broker.
(3) The remedies provided under this act are in addition to any other procedures or remedies for any violation or conduct provided for in any other law.
History.—s. 8, ch. 91-87.
687.148 Duties and powers of the commission and office.—
(1) The office is responsible for the administration and enforcement of this act.
(2) The commission may adopt such rules as it may deem necessary in the administration of this act and not inconsistent therewith.
History.—s. 9, ch. 91-87; s. 1878, ch. 2003-261.
1687.15 Benchmark replacements for the London Interbank Offered Rate.—
(1) The Legislature finds that the discontinuation of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) as a viable interest rate threatens the continued viability of certain contracts, securities, and instruments and the rights of the parties to those contracts, securities, or instruments. Furthermore, the threat of unknown and potentially unbounded liability and the viability of contracts, securities, and instruments threatens the state’s economy and has created an overpowering public necessity to provide an immediate and remedial legislative solution. Therefore, the Legislature intends for parties to certain contracts, securities, or instruments, as provided in this section, to enjoy heightened legal protections as a result of the discontinuation of LIBOR. The Legislature also finds that there are no alternative means to meet this public necessity. The Legislature finds that the public interest as a whole is best served by providing certainty to these contracts, securities, and instruments and the parties thereto, so that these contracts, securities, and instruments may remain viable and continue to be enforceable in the state.
(2) As used in this section, the term:
(a) “Benchmark” means an index of interest rates or dividend rates that is used, in whole or in part, as the basis of, or as a reference for, calculating or determining a valuation, payment, or other measurement under or with respect to a contract, security, or instrument.
(b) “Benchmark replacement” means a benchmark, an interest rate, or a dividend rate that may or may not be based, in whole or in part, on a prior setting of LIBOR, to replace LIBOR or any interest rate or dividend rate based on LIBOR, whether on a temporary, permanent, or indefinite basis, under or with respect to a contract, security, or instrument.
(c) “Benchmark replacement conforming change” means, with respect to any type of contract, security, or instrument, a technical, administrative, or operational change, alteration, or modification that is associated with and reasonably necessary to the use, adoption, calculation, or implementation of a recommended benchmark replacement and that has been selected or recommended by a relevant recommending body. However, if, in the reasonable judgment of a calculating person, the change, alteration, or modification selected or recommended by a relevant recommending body does not apply to the contract, security, or instrument or is insufficient to allow administration and calculation of the recommended benchmark replacement, the benchmark replacement conforming change may include other changes, alterations, or modifications that, in the reasonable judgment of the calculating person:
1. Are necessary to allow administration and calculation of the recommended benchmark replacement under or with respect to the contract, security, or instrument in a manner consistent with market practice for substantially similar contracts, securities, or instruments and, to the extent practicable, the manner in which the contract, security, or instrument was administered immediately before the LIBOR replacement date.
2. Would not result in a disposition of the contract, security, or instrument for federal income tax purposes.
(d) “Calculating person” means, with respect to any contract, security, or instrument, a person responsible for calculating or determining a valuation, payment, or other measurement based on a benchmark. This person may be the determining person.
(e) “Contract, security, or instrument” includes, without limitation, any contract, agreement, mortgage, deed of trust, lease, instrument, obligation, or security, whether representing debt or equity, and including any interest in a corporation, partnership, or limited liability company.
(f) “Determining person” means, with respect to any contract, security, or instrument, the following persons in decreasing order of priority:
1. A person so specified.
2. A person with the authority, right, or obligation to do any of the following:
a. Determine the benchmark replacement that will take effect on the LIBOR replacement date.
b. Calculate or determine a valuation, payment, or other measurement based on a benchmark.
c. Notify other persons of the occurrence of a LIBOR discontinuance event, a LIBOR replacement date, or a benchmark replacement.
(g) “Fallback provision” means a term in a contract, security, or instrument which sets forth a methodology or procedure for determining a benchmark replacement, including any term relating to the date on which the benchmark replacement becomes effective, without regard to whether a benchmark replacement can be determined in accordance with the methodology or procedure.
(h) “LIBOR” means, for purposes of the application of this section to any particular contract, security, or instrument, the United States dollar LIBOR, formerly known as the London Interbank Offered Rate, as administered by ICE Benchmark Administration, or any predecessor or successor thereof, or any tenor thereof, as applicable, that is used in making any calculation or determination of benchmark rates.
(i)1. “LIBOR discontinuance event” means the earliest to occur of any of the following:
a. A public statement or publication of information by, or on behalf of, the administrator of LIBOR announcing that the administrator has ceased or will cease to provide LIBOR permanently or indefinitely, if, at the time of the statement or publication, there is no successor administrator that will continue to provide LIBOR.
b. A public statement or publication of information by the regulatory supervisor for the administrator of LIBOR, the Federal Reserve System, an insolvency official with jurisdiction over the administrator of LIBOR, a resolution authority with jurisdiction over the administrator of LIBOR, or a court or an entity with similar insolvency or resolution authority over the administrator of LIBOR, announcing that the administrator of LIBOR has ceased or will cease to provide LIBOR permanently or indefinitely, if, at the time of the statement or publication, there is no successor administrator that will continue to provide LIBOR.
c. A public statement or publication of information by the regulatory supervisor for the administrator of LIBOR announcing that LIBOR is no longer representative.
2. A public statement or publication of information that affects one or more tenors of LIBOR does not constitute a LIBOR discontinuance event with respect to a contract, security, or instrument that:
a. Provides for only one tenor of LIBOR, if the contract, security, or instrument requires interpolation and the tenor can be interpolated from LIBOR tenors that are not so affected; or
b. Allows a party to choose from more than one tenor of LIBOR and any of the tenors is not so affected or, if the contract, security, or instrument requires interpolation, can be interpolated from LIBOR tenors that are not so affected.
(j)1. “LIBOR replacement date” means:
a. In the case of a LIBOR discontinuance event described in sub-subparagraph (i)1.a. or sub-subparagraph (i)1.b., the later of:
(I) The date of the public statement or publication of information referenced in sub-subparagraph (i)1.a. or sub-subparagraph (i)1.b.; or
(II) The date on which the administrator of LIBOR permanently or indefinitely ceases to provide LIBOR.
b. In the case of a LIBOR discontinuance event described in sub-subparagraph (i)1.c., the date of the public statement or publication of information referenced in sub-subparagraph (i)1.c.
2. A date that affects one or more tenors of LIBOR does not constitute a LIBOR replacement date with respect to a contract, security, or instrument that:
a. Provides for only one tenor of LIBOR, if the contract, security, or instrument requires interpolation and the tenor can be interpolated from LIBOR tenors that are not so affected; or
b. Allows a party to choose from more than one tenor of LIBOR and any of the tenors is not so affected or, if the contract, security, or instrument requires interpolation, can be interpolated from LIBOR tenors that are not so affected.
(k) “Recommended benchmark replacement” means, with respect to any particular type of contract, security, or instrument, a benchmark replacement based on SOFR that must include any recommended spread adjustment and any benchmark replacement conforming change that have been selected or recommended by a relevant recommending body with respect to the type of contract, security, or instrument.
(l) “Recommended spread adjustment” means a spread adjustment, or method for calculating or determining the spread adjustment, which has been selected or recommended by a relevant recommending body for a recommended benchmark replacement for a particular type of contract, security, or instrument and for a particular term to account for the effects of the transition or change from LIBOR to a recommended benchmark replacement. This term may be a positive or negative value or zero.
(m) “Relevant recommending body” means the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, or a successor to any of them.
(n) “SOFR” means, with respect to any day, the secured overnight financing rate published for the day by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as the administrator of the benchmark, or a successor administrator, on the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s website.
(3) On the LIBOR replacement date, the recommended benchmark replacement, by operation of law, shall be the benchmark replacement for a contract, security, or instrument that uses LIBOR as a benchmark and that:
(a) Does not contain a fallback provision; or
(b) Contains fallback provisions resulting in a benchmark replacement, other than a recommended benchmark replacement, that is based in any way on a LIBOR value.
(4) After the occurrence of a LIBOR discontinuance event, any fallback provisions in a contract, security, or instrument which provide for a benchmark replacement based on or otherwise involving a poll, survey, or inquiry for quotes or information concerning interbank lending rates or any interest rate or dividend rate based on LIBOR shall be void and of no force or effect.
(5)(a) A determining person may, but is not required to, select the recommended benchmark replacement as the benchmark replacement after the occurrence of a LIBOR discontinuance event. The selection of the recommended benchmark replacement must be:
1. Irrevocable;
2. Made by the earlier of the LIBOR replacement date or the latest date for selecting a benchmark replacement according to the contract, security, or instrument; and
3. Used in any determination of the benchmark under or with respect to the contract, security, or instrument occurring on and after the LIBOR replacement date.
(b) Paragraph (a) applies to a contract, security, or instrument that uses LIBOR as a benchmark and that contains fallback provisions allowing or requiring the selection of a benchmark replacement that is:
1. Based in any way on a LIBOR value; or
2. The substantive equivalent of paragraph (7)(a), paragraph (7)(b), or paragraph (7)(c).
(6) If a recommended benchmark replacement becomes the benchmark replacement for a contract, security, or instrument under this section, then all benchmark replacement conforming changes that are applicable to the recommended benchmark replacement must become an integral part of the contract, security, or instrument by operation of law.
(7) The selection or use of a recommended benchmark replacement as a benchmark replacement under or with respect to a contract, security, or instrument by operation of this section constitutes all of the following:
(a) A commercially reasonable replacement for and a commercially substantial equivalent to LIBOR.
(b) A reasonable, comparable, or analogous term for LIBOR under or with respect to the contract, security, or instrument.
(c) A replacement that is based on a methodology or information that is similar or comparable to LIBOR.
(d) Substantial performance by any person of any right or obligation relating to or based on LIBOR under or with respect to a contract, security, or instrument.
(8) A LIBOR discontinuance event, a LIBOR replacement date, the selection or use of a recommended benchmark replacement as a benchmark replacement, or the determination, implementation, or performance of a benchmark replacement conforming change, in each case, by operation of this section, may not:
(a) Be deemed to impair or affect the right of any person to receive a payment, or affect the amount or timing of the payment, under a contract, security, or instrument;
(b) Have the effect of discharging or excusing performance under a contract, security, or instrument for any reason, claim, or defense, including, but not limited to, any force majeure or other provision in a contract, security, or instrument;
(c) Have the effect of giving any person the right to unilaterally terminate or suspend performance under a contract, security, or instrument;
(d) Have the effect of constituting a breach of a contract, security, or instrument; or
(e) Have the effect of voiding or nullifying a contract, security, or instrument.
(9) A person is not liable for damages to any other person, and is not subject to any claim or request for equitable relief, arising out of or related to the selection or use of a recommended benchmark replacement or the determination, implementation, or performance of a benchmark replacement conforming change, in each case, by operation of this section. The selection or use of the recommended benchmark replacement or the determination, implementation, or performance of a benchmark replacement conforming change may not give rise to any claim or cause of action by any person in law or in equity.
(10) The selection or use of a recommended benchmark replacement or the determination, implementation, or performance of a benchmark replacement conforming change, by operation of this section, may not be deemed to:
(a) Be an amendment or modification of a contract, security, or instrument.
(b) Prejudice, impair, or affect a person’s rights, interests, or obligations under or with respect to a contract, security, or instrument.
(11) Except as provided in subsection (3) or subsection (5), this section may not be interpreted as creating a negative inference or negative presumption regarding the validity or enforceability of any of the following:
(a) A benchmark replacement that is not a recommended benchmark replacement.
(b) A spread adjustment, or method for calculating or determining a spread adjustment, which is not a recommended spread adjustment.
(c) A change, alteration, or modification to or with respect to a contract, security, or instrument which is not a benchmark replacement conforming change.
(12) This section does not alter or impair any of the following:
(a) A written agreement by all requisite parties which, retrospectively or prospectively, provides that a contract, security, or instrument is not subject to this section without necessarily referring specifically to this section. As used in this paragraph, the term “requisite parties” means all parties required to amend the terms and provisions of a contract, security, or instrument that would otherwise be altered or affected by this section.
(b) A contract, security, or instrument that contains fallback provisions that would result in a benchmark replacement that is not based on LIBOR, including, but not limited to, the prime rate or the federal funds rate. However, the contract, security, or instrument is subject to subsection (4).
(c) A contract, security, or instrument subject to subsection (5) as to which a determining person does not elect to use a recommended benchmark replacement or as to which a determining person elects to use a recommended benchmark replacement before the occurrence of a LIBOR discontinuance event. However, the contract, security, or instrument is subject to subsection (4).
(d) The application to a recommended benchmark replacement of any cap, floor, modifier, or spread adjustment to which LIBOR had been subject pursuant to the terms of a contract, security, or instrument.
(13) Notwithstanding the Uniform Commercial Code or any other law of this state, and except as otherwise provided in this section, this section applies to all contracts, securities, and instruments, including contracts with respect to commercial transactions, and may not be superseded by any other law of this state.
History.—s. 1, ch. 2022-57.
1Note.—Section 2, ch. 2022-57, provides that “[t]his act is remedial in nature and applies retroactively to all contracts, agreements, mortgages, deeds of trust, leases, instruments, obligations, or securities, whether representing debt or equity, and including all interests in a corporation, partnership, or limited liability company, in existence on December 31, 2021.”