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2022 Florida Statutes (including 2022C, 2022D, 2022A, and 2023B)
Chapter 710
TRANSFERS TO MINORS
TRANSFERS TO MINORS
CHAPTER 710
TRANSFERS TO MINORS
710.101 Short title.
710.102 Definitions.
710.103 Scope and jurisdiction.
710.104 Nomination of custodian.
710.105 Transfer by gift or exercise of power of appointment.
710.106 Transfer authorized by will or trust.
710.107 Other transfer by fiduciary.
710.108 Transfer by obligor.
710.109 Receipt for custodial property.
710.111 Manner of creating custodial property and effecting transfer; designation of initial custodian; control.
710.112 Single custodianship.
710.113 Validity and effect of transfer.
710.114 Care of custodial property.
710.115 Powers of custodian.
710.116 Use of custodial property.
710.117 Custodian’s expenses, compensation, and bond.
710.118 Exemption of third person from liability.
710.119 Liability to third persons.
710.121 Renunciation, resignation, death, or removal of custodian; designation of successor custodian.
710.122 Accounting by and determination of liability of custodian.
710.123 Termination of custodianship.
710.124 Applicability.
710.125 Effect on existing custodianships.
710.126 Uniformity of application and construction.
710.101 Short title.—This act may be cited as the “Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act.”
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.102 Definitions.—As used in this act, the term:
(1) “Adult” means an individual who has attained the age of 21 years.
(2) “Benefit plan” means a retirement plan and may include, but is not limited to, any pension, profit-sharing, stock-bonus, or stock-ownership plan or individual retirement account.
(3) “Broker” means a person lawfully engaged in the business of effecting transactions in securities or commodities for the person’s own account or for the account of others.
(4) “Conservator” means a person appointed or qualified by a court to act as general, limited, or temporary guardian of a minor’s property or a person legally authorized to perform substantially the same functions.
(5) “Court” means the circuit court.
(6) “Custodial property” means any interest in property transferred to a custodian under this act and the income from and proceeds of that interest in property.
(7) “Custodian” means a person so designated under s. 710.111 or a successor or substitute custodian designated under s. 710.121.
(8) “Financial institution” means a bank, trust company, savings institution, or credit union, chartered and supervised under state or federal law.
(9) “General power of appointment” means a power of appointment as defined in s. 732.2025(3).
(10) “Legal representative” means an individual’s personal representative or conservator.
(11) “Member of the minor’s family” means the minor’s parent, stepparent, spouse, grandparent, brother, sister, uncle, or aunt, whether of the whole or half blood or by adoption.
(12) “Minor” means an individual who has not attained the age of 21 years.
(13) “Person” means an individual, corporation, organization, or other legal entity.
(14) “Personal representative” means an executor, administrator, successor personal representative, or special administrator of a decedent’s estate or a person legally authorized to perform substantially the same functions.
(15) “Qualified minor’s trust” means a trust that meets the requirements of s. 2503(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
(16) “State” includes any state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession subject to the legislative authority of the United States.
(17) “Transfer” means a transaction that creates custodial property under s. 710.111.
(18) “Transferor” means a person who makes a transfer under this act.
(19) “Trust company” means a financial institution, corporation, or other legal entity, authorized to exercise general trust powers.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95; s. 3, ch. 2005-101; s. 1, ch. 2015-140.
710.103 Scope and jurisdiction.—
(1) This act applies to a transfer that refers to this act in the designation under s. 710.111(1) by which the transfer is made if at the time of the transfer, the transferor, the minor, or the custodian is a resident of this state or the custodial property is located in this state. The custodianship so created remains subject to this act despite a subsequent change in residence of a transferor, the minor, or the custodian, or the removal of custodial property from this state.
(2) A person designated as custodian under this act is subject to personal jurisdiction in this state with respect to any matter relating to the custodianship.
(3) A transfer that purports to be made and which is valid under the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act, the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act, or a substantially similar act, of another state is governed by the law of the designated state and may be executed and is enforceable in this state if, at the time of the transfer, the transferor, the minor, or the custodian is a resident of the designated state or the custodial property is located in the designated state.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.104 Nomination of custodian.—
(1) A person having the right to designate the recipient of property transferable upon the occurrence of a future event may revocably nominate a custodian to receive the property for a minor beneficiary upon the occurrence of the event by naming the custodian followed in substance by the words: “as custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act.” The nomination may name one or more persons as substitute custodians to whom the property must be transferred, in the order named, if the first nominated custodian dies before the transfer or is unable, declines, or is ineligible to serve. The nomination may be made in a will, a trust, a deed, an instrument exercising a power of appointment, or in a writing designating a beneficiary of contractual rights, including, but not limited to, the right to a benefit plan, which is registered with or delivered to the payor, issuer, or other obligor of the contractual rights.
(2) A custodian nominated under this section must be a person to whom a transfer of property of that kind may be made under s. 710.111(1).
(3) The nomination of a custodian under this section does not create custodial property until the nominating instrument becomes irrevocable or a transfer to the nominated custodian is completed under s. 710.111. Unless the nomination of a custodian has been revoked, upon the occurrence of the future event the custodianship becomes effective and the custodian shall enforce a transfer of the custodial property pursuant to s. 710.111.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95; s. 4, ch. 2005-101.
710.105 Transfer by gift or exercise of power of appointment.—A person may make a transfer by irrevocable gift to, or the irrevocable exercise of a power of appointment in favor of, a custodian for the benefit of a minor pursuant to s. 710.111. Notwithstanding s. 710.106, a transfer by irrevocable gift from a trust over which the grantor has at the time of transfer a right of revocation, as defined in s. 733.707(3)(e), shall be treated for all purposes under this act as a transfer made directly by the grantor of the trust.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95; s. 2, ch. 2015-140.
710.106 Transfer authorized by will or trust.—
(1) A personal representative or trustee may make an irrevocable transfer pursuant to s. 710.111 to a custodian for the benefit of a minor as authorized in the governing will or trust.
(2) If the testator or settlor has nominated a custodian under s. 710.104 to receive the custodial property, the transfer must be made to that person.
(3) If the testator or settlor has not nominated a custodian under s. 710.104, or all persons so nominated as custodian die before the transfer or are unable, decline, or are ineligible to serve, the personal representative or the trustee, as the case may be, shall designate the custodian from among those eligible to serve as custodian for property of that kind under s. 710.111(1).
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.107 Other transfer by fiduciary.—
(1) Subject to subsection (3), a personal representative or trustee may make an irrevocable transfer to another adult or trust company as custodian for the benefit of a minor pursuant to s. 710.111, in the absence of a will or under a will or trust that does not contain an authorization to do so.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), a conservator may make an irrevocable transfer to another adult or trust company as custodian for the benefit of the minor pursuant to s. 710.111.
(3) A transfer under subsection (1) or subsection (2) may be made only if:
(a) The personal representative, trustee, or conservator considers the transfer to be in the best interest of the minor;
(b) The transfer is not prohibited by or inconsistent with provisions of the applicable will, trust agreement, or other governing instrument; and
(c) The transfer is authorized by the court if it exceeds $10,000 in value.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.108 Transfer by obligor.—
(1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), a person not subject to s. 710.106 or s. 710.107 who holds property, including, but not limited to, a benefit plan, of a minor not having a conservator, or who owes a liquidated debt to a minor not having a conservator, may make an irrevocable transfer to a custodian for the benefit of the minor pursuant to s. 710.111.
(2) If a person having the right to do so under s. 710.104 has nominated a custodian under that section to receive the custodial property, the transfer must be made to that person.
(3) If no custodian has been nominated under s. 710.104, or all persons so nominated as custodian die before the transfer or are unable, decline, or are ineligible to serve, a transfer under this section may be made to an adult member of the minor’s family or to a trust company unless the property exceeds $15,000 in value.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95; s. 61, ch. 87-226; s. 5, ch. 2005-101.
710.109 Receipt for custodial property.—A written acknowledgment of delivery by a custodian constitutes a sufficient receipt and discharge for custodial property transferred to the custodian pursuant to this act.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.111 Manner of creating custodial property and effecting transfer; designation of initial custodian; control.—
(1) Custodial property is created and a transfer is made whenever:
(a) An uncertificated security or a certificated security in registered form is either:
1. Registered in the name of the transferor, an adult other than the transferor, or a trust company, followed in substance by the words: “as custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act”; or
2. Delivered if in certificated form, or any document necessary for the transfer of an uncertificated security is delivered, together with any necessary endorsement to an adult other than the transferor or to a trust company as custodian, accompanied by an instrument in substantially the form set forth in subsection (2);
(b) Money is paid or delivered to a broker or financial institution for credit to an account in the name of the transferor, an adult other than the transferor, or a trust company, followed in substance by the words: “as custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act”;
(c) The ownership of a life or endowment insurance policy or annuity contract is either:
1. Registered with the issuer in the name of the transferor, an adult other than the transferor, or a trust company, followed in substance by the words: “as custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act”; or
2. Assigned in a writing delivered to an adult other than the transferor or to a trust company whose name in the assignment is followed in substance by the words: “as custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act”;
(d) An irrevocable exercise of a power of appointment or an irrevocable present right to future payment under a contract is the subject of a written notification delivered to the payor, issuer, or other obligor that the right is transferred to the transferor, an adult other than the transferor, or a trust company, whose name in the notification is followed in substance by the words: “as custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act”;
(e) An interest in real property is recorded in the name of the transferor, an adult other than the transferor, or a trust company, followed in substance by the words: “as custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act”;
(f) A certificate of title issued by a department or agency of a state or of the United States which evidences title to tangible personal property is either:
1. Issued in the name of the transferor, an adult other than the transferor, or a trust company, followed in substance by the words: “as custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act”; or
2. Delivered to an adult other than the transferor or to a trust company, endorsed to that person followed in substance by the words: “as custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act”; or
(g) An interest in any property not described in paragraphs (a)-(f) is transferred to an adult other than the transferor or to a trust company by a written instrument in substantially the form set forth in subsection (2).
(2) An instrument in the following form satisfies the requirements of subparagraph (1)(a)2. and paragraph (1)(g):
“TRANSFER UNDER THE FLORIDA
UNIFORM TRANSFERS TO MINORS ACT
I, (name of transferor or name and representative capacity if a fiduciary) hereby transfer to (name of custodian) , as custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act, the following: (insert a description of the custodial property sufficient to identify it) .
Dated:
(signature)
(name of custodian) acknowledges receipt of the property described above as custodian for the minor named above under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act.
Dated:
(signature of custodian) .”
(3) A transferor shall place the custodian in control of the custodial property as soon as practicable.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.112 Single custodianship.—A transfer may be made only for one minor, and only one person may be the custodian. All custodial property held under this act by the same custodian for the benefit of the same minor constitutes a single custodianship.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.113 Validity and effect of transfer.—
(1) The validity of a transfer made in a manner prescribed in this act is not affected by:
(a) Failure of the transferor to comply with s. 710.111(3) concerning possession and control;
(b) Designation of an ineligible custodian, except designation of the transferor in the case of property for which the transferor is ineligible to serve as custodian under s. 710.111(1); or
(c) Death or incapacity of a person nominated under s. 710.104 or designated under s. 710.111 as custodian or the disclaimer of the office by that person.
(2) A transfer made pursuant to s. 710.111 is irrevocable, and the custodial property is indefeasibly vested in the minor, but the custodian has all the rights, powers, duties, and authority provided in this act, and neither the minor nor the minor’s legal representative has any right, power, duty, or authority with respect to the custodial property except as provided in this act.
(3) By making a transfer, the transferor incorporates in the disposition all the provisions of this act and grants to the custodian, and to any third person dealing with a person designated as custodian, the respective powers, rights, and immunities provided in this act.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.114 Care of custodial property.—
(1) A custodian shall:
(a) Take control of custodial property;
(b) Register or record title to custodial property if appropriate; and
(c) Collect, hold, manage, invest, and reinvest custodial property.
(2) In dealing with custodial property, a custodian shall observe the standard of care that would be observed by a prudent person dealing with property of another and is not limited by any other statute restricting investments by fiduciaries. If a custodian has a special skill or expertise or is named custodian on the basis of representations of a special skill or expertise, the custodian shall use that skill or expertise. However, a custodian, in the custodian’s discretion and without liability to the minor or the minor’s estate, may retain any custodial property received from a transferor.
(3) A custodian may invest in or pay premiums on life insurance or endowment policies on the life of the minor only if the minor or the minor’s estate is the sole beneficiary, or on the life of another person in whom the minor has an insurable interest only to the extent that the minor, the minor’s estate, or the custodian in the capacity of custodian is the irrevocable beneficiary.
(4) A custodian at all times shall keep custodial property separate and distinct from all other property in a manner sufficient to identify it clearly as custodial property of the minor. Custodial property consisting of an undivided interest is so identified if the minor’s interest is held as a tenant in common and is fixed. Custodial property subject to recordation is so identified if it is recorded, and custodial property subject to registration is so identified if it is either registered, or held in an account designated, in the name of the custodian, followed in substance by the words: “as a custodian for (name of minor) under the Florida Uniform Transfers to Minors Act.”
(5) A custodian shall keep records of all transactions with respect to custodial property, including information necessary for the preparation of the minor’s tax returns, and shall make them available for inspection at reasonable intervals by a parent or legal representative of the minor or by the minor if the minor has attained the age of 14 years.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.115 Powers of custodian.—
(1) A custodian, acting in a custodial capacity, has all the rights, powers, and authority over custodial property that unmarried adult owners have over their own property, but a custodian may exercise those rights, powers, and authority in that capacity only.
(2) This section does not relieve a custodian from liability for breach of s. 710.114.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.116 Use of custodial property.—
(1) A custodian may deliver or pay to the minor or expend for the minor’s benefit so much of the custodial property as the custodian considers advisable for the use and benefit of the minor, without court order and without regard to the duty or ability of the custodian personally or of any other person to support the minor, or to any other income or property of the minor which may be applicable or available for that purpose.
(2) A custodian may, without court order, transfer all or part of the custodial property to a qualified minor’s trust. A transfer of property pursuant to this subsection terminates the custodianship to the extent of the property transferred.
(3) On petition of an interested person or the minor if the minor has attained the age of 14 years, the court may order the custodian to deliver or pay to the minor or expend for the minor’s benefit so much of the custodial property as the court considers advisable for the use and benefit of the minor.
(4) A delivery, payment, or expenditure under this section is in addition to, not in substitution for, and does not affect any obligation of a person to support the minor.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95; s. 6, ch. 2005-101.
710.117 Custodian’s expenses, compensation, and bond.—
(1) A custodian is entitled to reimbursement from custodial property for reasonable expenses incurred in the performance of the custodian’s duties.
(2) Except for one who is a transferor under s. 710.105, a custodian has a noncumulative election during each calendar year to charge reasonable compensation for services performed during that year.
(3) Except as provided in s. 710.121(6), a custodian need not give a bond.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.118 Exemption of third person from liability.—A third person in good faith and without court order may act on the instructions of or otherwise deal with any person purporting to make a transfer or purporting to act in the capacity of a custodian and, in the absence of knowledge, is not responsible for determining:
(1) The validity of the purported custodian’s designation;
(2) The propriety of, or the authority under this act for, any act of the purported custodian;
(3) The validity or propriety under this act of any instrument or instructions executed or given either by the person purporting to make a transfer or by the purported custodian; or
(4) The propriety of the application of any property of the minor delivered to the purported custodian.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.119 Liability to third persons.—
(1) A claim based on:
(a) A contract entered into by a custodian acting in a custodial capacity;
(b) An obligation arising from the ownership or control of custodial property; or
(c) A tort committed during the custodianship,
may be asserted against the custodial property by proceeding against the custodian in the custodial capacity, whether or not the custodian or the minor is personally liable therefor.
(2) A custodian is not personally liable:
(a) On a contract properly entered into in the custodial capacity unless the custodian fails to reveal that capacity and to identify the custodianship in the contract; or
(b) For an obligation arising from control of custodial property or for a tort committed during the custodianship unless the custodian is personally at fault.
(3) A minor is not personally liable for an obligation arising from ownership of custodial property or for a tort committed during the custodianship unless the minor is personally at fault.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.121 Renunciation, resignation, death, or removal of custodian; designation of successor custodian.—
(1) A person nominated under s. 710.104 or designated under s. 710.111 as custodian may decline to serve by delivering a valid disclaimer under chapter 739 to the person who made the nomination or to the transferor or the transferor’s legal representative. If the event giving rise to a transfer has not occurred and no substitute custodian able, willing, and eligible to serve was nominated under s. 710.104, the person who made the nomination may nominate a substitute custodian under s. 710.104; otherwise, the transferor or the transferor’s legal representative shall designate a substitute custodian at the time of the transfer, in either case from among the persons eligible to serve as custodian for that kind of property under s. 710.111(1). The custodian so designated has the rights of a successor custodian.
(2) A custodian at any time may designate a trust company or an adult other than a transferor under s. 710.105 as successor custodian by executing and dating an instrument of designation before a subscribing witness other than the successor. If the instrument of designation does not contain or is not accompanied by the resignation of the custodian, the designation of the successor does not take effect until the custodian resigns, dies, becomes incapacitated, or is removed.
(3) A custodian may resign at any time by delivering written notice to the minor if the minor has attained the age of 14 years and to the successor custodian and by delivering the custodial property to the successor custodian.
(4) If a custodian is ineligible, dies, or becomes incapacitated without having effectively designated a successor and the minor has attained the age of 14 years, the minor may designate as successor custodian, in the manner prescribed in subsection (2), an adult member of the minor’s family, a conservator of the minor, or a trust company. If the minor has not attained the age of 14 years or fails to act within 60 days after the ineligibility, death, or incapacity, the conservator of the minor becomes successor custodian. If the minor has no conservator or the conservator declines to act, the transferor, the legal representative of the transferor or of the custodian, an adult member of the minor’s family, or any other interested person may petition the court to designate a successor custodian.
(5) A custodian who declines to serve under subsection (1) or resigns under subsection (3), or the legal representative of a deceased or incapacitated custodian, as soon as practicable, shall put the custodial property and records in the possession and control of the successor custodian. The successor custodian by action may enforce the obligation to deliver custodial property and records and becomes responsible for each item as received.
(6) A transferor, the legal representative of a transferor, an adult member of the minor’s family, a guardian of the person of the minor, the conservator of the minor, or the minor if the minor has attained the age of 14 years may petition the court to remove the custodian for cause and designate a successor custodian other than a transferor under s. 710.105 or to require the custodian to give appropriate bond.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95; s. 4, ch. 2005-108.
710.122 Accounting by and determination of liability of custodian.—
(1) A minor who has attained the age of 14 years, the minor’s guardian of the person or legal representative, an adult member of the minor’s family, a transferor, or a transferor’s legal representative may petition the court for an accounting by the custodian or the custodian’s legal representative or for a determination of responsibility, as between the custodial property and the custodian personally, for claims against the custodial property unless the responsibility has been adjudicated in an action under s. 710.119 to which the minor or the minor’s legal representative was a party.
(2) A successor custodian may petition the court for an accounting by the predecessor custodian.
(3) The court, in a proceeding under this act or in any other proceeding, may require or permit the custodian or the custodian’s legal representative to account.
(4) If a custodian is removed under s. 710.121(6), the court shall require an accounting and order delivery of the custodial property and records to the successor custodian and the execution of all instruments required for transfer of the custodial property.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.123 Termination of custodianship.—
(1) The custodian shall transfer in an appropriate manner the custodial property to the minor or to the minor’s estate upon the earlier of:
(a) The minor’s attainment of 21 years of age with respect to custodial property transferred under s. 710.105 or s. 710.106. However, a transferor can, with respect to such custodial property, create the custodianship so that it terminates when the minor attains 25 years of age;
(b) The minor’s attainment of 18 years of age with respect to custodial property transferred under s. 710.107 or s. 710.108; or
(c) The minor’s death.
(2) If the transferor of a custodianship under paragraph (1)(a) creates the custodianship to terminate when the minor attains 25 years of age, in the case of a custodianship created by irrevocable gift or by irrevocable inter vivos exercise of a general power of appointment, the minor nevertheless has the absolute right to compel immediate distribution of the entire custodial property when the minor attains 21 years of age.
(3) As to a custodianship described in subsection (2), a transferor may provide, by delivery of a written instrument to the custodian upon the creation of such custodianship, that the minor’s right to compel immediate distribution of the entire custodial property will terminate upon the expiration of a fixed period that begins with the custodian’s delivery of a written notice to the minor of the existence of such right. To be effective to terminate the minor’s right to compel an immediate distribution of the entire custodial property when the minor attains 21 years of age, the custodian’s written notice must be delivered at least 30 days before, and not later than 30 days after, the date upon which the minor attains 21 years of age, and the fixed period specified in the notice for the termination of such right cannot expire before the later of 30 days after the minor attains 21 years of age or 30 days after the custodian delivers such notice.
(4) Notwithstanding the definition of the term “minor” as provided in s. 710.102, if the transferor creates the custodianship to terminate when the minor attains 25 years of age, solely for purposes of the application of the termination provisions of this section, the term “minor” means an individual who has not attained 25 years of age.
(5) A financial institution has no liability to a custodian or minor for distribution of custodial property to, or for the benefit of, the minor in a custodianship created by irrevocable gift or by irrevocable exercise of a general power of appointment when the minor attains 21 years of age.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95; s. 3, ch. 2015-140.
710.124 Applicability.—This act applies to a transfer within the scope of s. 710.103 made after October 1, 1985, if:
(1) The transfer purports to have been made under the Florida Gifts to Minors Act (former ss. 710.01-710.10); or
(2) The instrument by which the transfer purports to have been made uses in substance the designation “as custodian under the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act” or “as custodian under the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act” of any other state, and the application of this act is necessary to validate the transfer.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95; s. 62, ch. 87-226.
710.125 Effect on existing custodianships.—
(1) Any transfer of custodial property as now defined in this act made before October 1, 1985, is validated notwithstanding that there was no specific authority in the Florida Gifts to Minors Act for the coverage of custodial property of that kind or for a transfer from that source at the time the transfer was made.
(2) This act applies to all transfers made before October 1, 1985, in a manner and form prescribed in the Florida Gifts to Minors Act, except insofar as the application impairs constitutionally vested rights or extends the duration of custodianships in existence on October 1, 1985.
(3) Sections 710.102-710.123 with respect to the age of a minor for whom custodial property is held under this act do not apply to custodial property held in a custodianship that terminated because of the minor’s attainment of the age of 18 after January 1, 1975, and before October 1, 1985.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.
710.126 Uniformity of application and construction.—This act shall be applied and construed to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this act among states enacting it.
History.—s. 1, ch. 85-95.