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2022 Florida Statutes (including 2022C, 2022D, 2022A, and 2023B)

Title XLVI CRIMES
Chapter 893
DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
CHAPTER 893
CHAPTER 893
DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
893.01 Short title.
893.015 Statutory references.
893.02 Definitions.
893.03 Standards and schedules.
893.0301 Death resulting from apparent drug overdose; reporting requirements.
893.031 Industrial exceptions to controlled substance scheduling.
893.033 Listed chemicals.
893.035 Control of new substances; findings of fact; delegation of authority to Attorney General to control substances by rule.
893.0355 Control of scheduled substances; delegation of authority to Attorney General to reschedule substance, or delete substance, by rule.
893.0356 Control of new substances; findings of fact; “controlled substance analog” defined.
893.04 Pharmacist and practitioner.
893.05 Practitioners and persons administering controlled substances in their absence.
893.055 Prescription drug monitoring program.
893.0551 Public records exemption for the prescription drug monitoring program.
893.06 Distribution of controlled substances; order forms; labeling and packaging requirements.
893.065 Counterfeit-resistant prescription blanks for controlled substances listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, Schedule IV, or Schedule V.
893.07 Records.
893.08 Exceptions.
893.09 Enforcement.
893.10 Burden of proof; photograph or video recording of evidence.
893.101 Legislative findings and intent.
893.105 Testing and destruction of seized substances.
893.11 Suspension, revocation, and reinstatement of business and professional licenses.
893.12 Contraband; seizure, forfeiture, sale.
893.13 Prohibited acts; penalties.
893.135 Trafficking; mandatory sentences; suspension or reduction of sentences; conspiracy to engage in trafficking.
893.1351 Ownership, lease, rental, or possession for trafficking in or manufacturing a controlled substance.
893.138 Local administrative action to abate certain activities declared public nuisances.
893.145 “Drug paraphernalia” defined.
893.146 Determination of paraphernalia.
893.147 Use, possession, manufacture, delivery, transportation, advertisement, or retail sale of drug paraphernalia, specified machines, and materials.
893.149 Unlawful possession of listed chemical.
893.1495 Retail sale of ephedrine and related compounds.
893.15 Rehabilitation.
893.165 County alcohol and other drug abuse treatment or education trust funds.
893.20 Continuing criminal enterprise.
893.21 Alcohol-related or drug-related overdoses; medical assistance; immunity from arrest, charge, prosecution, and penalization.
893.30 Controlled substance safety education and awareness.
893.01 Short title.—This chapter shall be cited and known as the “Florida Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act.”
History.—s. 1, ch. 73-331.
893.015 Statutory references.—The purpose of this chapter is to comprehensively address drug abuse prevention and control in this state. To this end, unless expressly provided otherwise, a reference in any section of the Florida Statutes to chapter 893 or to any section or portion of a section of chapter 893 includes all subsequent amendments to chapter 893 or to the referenced section or portion of a section.
History.—s. 3, ch. 2017-107; s. 2, ch. 2017-110.
893.02 Definitions.—The following words and phrases as used in this chapter shall have the following meanings, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) “Administer” or “administration” means the direct application of a controlled substance, whether by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or any other means, to the body of a person or animal.
(2) “Cannabinoid receptor agonist” means a chemical compound or substance that, according to scientific or medical research, study, testing, or analysis demonstrates the presence of binding activity at one or more of the CB1 or CB2 cell membrane receptors located within the human body.
1(3) “Cannabis” means all parts of any plant of the genus Cannabis, whether growing or not; the seeds thereof; the resin extracted from any part of the plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant or its seeds or resin. The term does not include “marijuana,” as defined in s. 381.986, if manufactured, possessed, sold, purchased, delivered, distributed, or dispensed, in conformance with s. 381.986. The term does not include hemp as defined in s. 581.217 or industrial hemp as defined in s. 1004.4473.
(4) “Controlled substance” means any substance named or described in Schedules I-V of s. 893.03. Laws controlling the manufacture, distribution, preparation, dispensing, or administration of such substances are drug abuse laws.
(5) “Cultivating” means the preparation of any soil or hydroponic medium for the planting of a controlled substance or the tending and care or harvesting of a controlled substance.
(6) “Deliver” or “delivery” means the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from one person to another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.
(7) “Dispense” means the transfer of possession of one or more doses of a medicinal drug by a pharmacist or other licensed practitioner to the ultimate consumer thereof or to one who represents that it is his or her intention not to consume or use the same but to transfer the same to the ultimate consumer or user for consumption by the ultimate consumer or user.
(8) “Distribute” means to deliver, other than by administering or dispensing, a controlled substance.
(9) “Distributor” means a person who distributes.
(10) “Department” means the Department of Health.
(11) “Homologue” means a chemical compound in a series in which each compound differs by one or more repeating hydrocarbon functional group units at any single point within the compound.
(12) “Hospital” means an institution for the care and treatment of the sick and injured, licensed pursuant to the provisions of chapter 395 or owned or operated by the state or Federal Government.
(13) “Laboratory” means a laboratory approved by the Drug Enforcement Administration as proper to be entrusted with the custody of controlled substances for scientific, medical, or instructional purposes or to aid law enforcement officers and prosecuting attorneys in the enforcement of this chapter.
(14) “Listed chemical” means any precursor chemical or essential chemical named or described in s. 893.033.
(15)(a) “Manufacture” means the production, preparation, propagation, compounding, cultivating, growing, conversion, or processing of a controlled substance, either directly or indirectly, by extraction from substances of natural origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis, and includes any packaging of the substance or labeling or relabeling of its container, except that this term does not include the preparation, compounding, packaging, or labeling of a controlled substance by:
1. A practitioner or pharmacist as an incident to his or her administering or delivering of a controlled substance in the course of his or her professional practice.
2. A practitioner, or by his or her authorized agent under the practitioner’s supervision, for the purpose of, or as an incident to, research, teaching, or chemical analysis, and not for sale.
(b) “Manufacturer” means and includes every person who prepares, derives, produces, compounds, or repackages any drug as defined by the Florida Drug and Cosmetic Act. However, this definition does not apply to manufacturers of patent or proprietary preparations as defined in the Florida Pharmacy Act. Pharmacies, and pharmacists employed thereby, are specifically excluded from this definition.
(16) “Mixture” means any physical combination of two or more substances, including, but not limited to, a blend, an aggregation, a suspension, an emulsion, a solution, or a dosage unit, whether or not such combination can be separated into its components by physical means, whether mechanical or thermal.
(17) “Nitrogen-heterocyclic analog” means an analog of a controlled substance which has a single carbon atom in a cyclic structure of a compound replaced by a nitrogen atom.
(18) “Patient” means an individual to whom a controlled substance is lawfully dispensed or administered pursuant to the provisions of this chapter.
(19) “Pharmacist” means a person who is licensed pursuant to chapter 465 to practice the profession of pharmacy in this state.
(20) “Positional isomer” means any substance that possesses the same molecular formula and core structure and that has the same functional group or substituent as those found in the respective controlled substance, attached at any positions on the core structure, but in such manner that no new chemical functionalities are created and no existing chemical functionalities are destroyed relative to the respective controlled substance. Rearrangements of alkyl moieties within or between functional groups or substituents, or divisions or combinations of alkyl moieties, which do not create new chemical functionalities or destroy existing chemical functionalities, are allowed and include resulting compounds that are positional isomers. As used in this definition, the term “core structure” means the parent molecule that is the common basis for the class that includes, but is not limited to, tryptamine, phenethylamine, or ergoline. Examples of rearrangements resulting in creation or destruction of chemical functionalities, and therefore resulting in compounds that are not positional isomers, include, but are not limited to, ethoxy to alpha-hydroxyethyl, hydroxy and methyl to methoxy, or the repositioning of a phenolic or alcoholic hydroxy group to create a hydroxyamine. Examples of rearrangements resulting in compounds that would be positional isomers, include, but are not limited to, tert-butyl to sec-butyl, methoxy and ethyl to isopropoxy, N,N-diethyl to N-methyl-N-propyl, or alpha-methylamino to N-methylamino.
(21) “Possession” includes temporary possession for the purpose of verification or testing, irrespective of dominion or control.
(22) “Potential for abuse” means that a substance has properties of a central nervous system stimulant or depressant or an hallucinogen that create a substantial likelihood of its being:
(a) Used in amounts that create a hazard to the user’s health or the safety of the community;
(b) Diverted from legal channels and distributed through illegal channels; or
(c) Taken on the user’s own initiative rather than on the basis of professional medical advice.

Proof of potential for abuse can be based upon a showing that these activities are already taking place, or upon a showing that the nature and properties of the substance make it reasonable to assume that there is a substantial likelihood that such activities will take place, in other than isolated or occasional instances.

(23) “Practitioner” means a physician licensed under chapter 458, a dentist licensed under chapter 466, a veterinarian licensed under chapter 474, an osteopathic physician licensed under chapter 459, an advanced practice registered nurse licensed under chapter 464, a naturopath licensed under chapter 462, a certified optometrist licensed under chapter 463, a psychiatric nurse as defined in s. 394.455, a podiatric physician licensed under chapter 461, or a physician assistant licensed under chapter 458 or chapter 459, provided such practitioner holds a valid federal controlled substance registry number.
(24) “Prescription” includes any order for drugs or medicinal supplies which is written or transmitted by any means of communication by a licensed practitioner authorized by the laws of this state to prescribe such drugs or medicinal supplies, is issued in good faith and in the course of professional practice, is intended to be dispensed by a person authorized by the laws of this state to do so, and meets the requirements of s. 893.04.
(a) The term also includes an order for drugs or medicinal supplies transmitted or written by a physician, dentist, veterinarian, or other practitioner licensed to practice in a state other than Florida, but only if the pharmacist called upon to fill such an order determines, in the exercise of his or her professional judgment, that the order was issued pursuant to a valid patient-physician relationship, that it is authentic, and that the drugs or medicinal supplies ordered are considered necessary for the continuation of treatment of a chronic or recurrent illness.
(b) If the physician writing the prescription is not known to the pharmacist, the pharmacist shall obtain proof to a reasonable certainty of the validity of the prescription.
(c) A prescription for a controlled substance may not be issued on the same prescription blank with another prescription for a controlled substance that is named or described in a different schedule or with another prescription for a medicinal drug, as defined in s. 465.003, that is not a controlled substance.
(25) “Wholesaler” means any person who acts as a jobber, wholesale merchant, or broker, or an agent thereof, who sells or distributes for resale any drug as defined by the Florida Drug and Cosmetic Act. However, this definition does not apply to persons who sell only patent or proprietary preparations as defined in the Florida Pharmacy Act. Pharmacies, and pharmacists employed thereby, are specifically excluded from this definition.
History.—s. 2, ch. 73-331; s. 1, ch. 75-18; s. 470, ch. 77-147; s. 1, ch. 77-174; s. 184, ch. 79-164; s. 1, ch. 79-325; s. 37, ch. 82-225; s. 169, ch. 83-216; s. 1, ch. 85-242; s. 1, ch. 91-279; s. 1, ch. 92-19; s. 1434, ch. 97-102; s. 104, ch. 97-264; s. 234, ch. 98-166; s. 300, ch. 99-8; s. 10, ch. 99-186; s. 1, ch. 2000-320; s. 3, ch. 2001-55; s. 10, ch. 2002-78; s. 13, ch. 2005-128; s. 1, ch. 2008-184; s. 18, ch. 2010-117; s. 1, ch. 2011-73; s. 12, ch. 2013-26; s. 5, ch. 2014-157; s. 1, ch. 2016-105; s. 5, ch. 2016-145; s. 18, ch. 2016-224; s. 9, ch. 2016-231; ss. 1, 10, ch. 2017-232; s. 83, ch. 2018-106; s. 2, ch. 2019-132; s. 1, ch. 2019-166; s. 2, ch. 2021-154; s. 26, ch. 2022-35.
1Note.—Section 1, ch. 2017-232, provides that “[i]t is the intent of the Legislature to implement s. 29, Article X of the State Constitution by creating a unified regulatory structure. If s. 29, Article X of the State Constitution is amended or a constitutional amendment related to cannabis or marijuana is adopted, this act shall expire 6 months after the effective date of such amendment.” If such amendment or adoption takes place, subsection (3), as amended by s. 1, ch. 2017-232, will read:

(3) “Cannabis” means all parts of any plant of the genus Cannabis, whether growing or not; the seeds thereof; the resin extracted from any part of the plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant or its seeds or resin. The term does not include “low-THC cannabis,” as defined in s. 381.986, if manufactured, possessed, sold, purchased, delivered, distributed, or dispensed, in conformance with s. 381.986.

893.03 Standards and schedules.—The substances enumerated in this section are controlled by this chapter. The controlled substances listed or to be listed in Schedules I, II, III, IV, and V are included by whatever official, common, usual, chemical, trade name, or class designated. The provisions of this section shall not be construed to include within any of the schedules contained in this section any excluded drugs listed within the purview of 21 C.F.R. s. 1308.22, styled “Excluded Substances”; 21 C.F.R. s. 1308.24, styled “Exempt Chemical Preparations”; 21 C.F.R. s. 1308.32, styled “Exempted Prescription Products”; or 21 C.F.R. s. 1308.34, styled “Exempt Anabolic Steroid Products.”
(1) SCHEDULE I.—A substance in Schedule I has a high potential for abuse and has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States and in its use under medical supervision does not meet accepted safety standards. The following substances are controlled in Schedule I:
(a) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following substances, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, whenever the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:
1. Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl.
2. Acetylmethadol.
3. Allylprodine.
4. Alphacetylmethadol (except levo-alphacetylmethadol, also known as levo-alpha-acetylmethadol, levomethadyl acetate, or LAAM).
5. Alphamethadol.
6. Alpha-methylfentanyl (N-[1-(alpha-methyl-betaphenyl) ethyl-4-piperidyl] propionanilide; 1-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-4-(N-propanilido) piperidine).
7. Alpha-methylthiofentanyl.
8. Alphameprodine.
9. Benzethidine.
10. Benzylfentanyl.
11. Betacetylmethadol.
12. Beta-hydroxyfentanyl.
13. Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl.
14. Betameprodine.
15. Betamethadol.
16. Betaprodine.
17. Clonitazene.
18. Dextromoramide.
19. Diampromide.
20. Diethylthiambutene.
21. Difenoxin.
22. Dimenoxadol.
23. Dimepheptanol.
24. Dimethylthiambutene.
25. Dioxaphetyl butyrate.
26. Dipipanone.
27. Ethylmethylthiambutene.
28. Etonitazene.
29. Etoxeridine.
30. Flunitrazepam.
31. Furethidine.
32. Hydroxypethidine.
33. Ketobemidone.
34. Levomoramide.
35. Levophenacylmorphan.
36. Desmethylprodine (1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-4-Propionoxypiperidine).
37. 3-Methylfentanyl (N-[3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide).
38. 3-Methylthiofentanyl.
39. Morpheridine.
40. Noracymethadol.
41. Norlevorphanol.
42. Normethadone.
43. Norpipanone.
44. Para-Fluorofentanyl.
45. Phenadoxone.
46. Phenampromide.
47. Phenomorphan.
48. Phenoperidine.
49. PEPAP (1-(2-Phenylethyl)-4-Phenyl-4-Acetyloxypiperidine).
50. Piritramide.
51. Proheptazine.
52. Properidine.
53. Propiram.
54. Racemoramide.
55. Thenylfentanyl.
56. Thiofentanyl.
57. Tilidine.
58. Trimeperidine.
59. Acetylfentanyl.
60. Butyrylfentanyl.
61. Beta-Hydroxythiofentanyl.
62. Fentanyl Derivatives. Unless specifically excepted, listed in another schedule, or contained within a pharmaceutical product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation, including its salts, isomers, esters, or ethers, and salts of isomers, esters, or ethers, whenever the existence of such salts is possible within any of the following specific chemical designations containing a 4-anilidopiperidine structure:
a. With or without substitution at the carbonyl of the aniline moiety with alkyl, alkenyl, carboalkoxy, cycloalkyl, methoxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, or aryl groups, or furanyl, dihydrofuranyl, benzyl moiety, or rings containing heteroatoms sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen;
b. With or without substitution at the piperidine amino moiety with a phenethyl, benzyl, alkylaryl (including heteroaromatics), alkyltetrazolyl ring, or an alkyl or carbomethoxy group, whether or not further substituted in the ring or group;
c. With or without substitution or addition to the piperdine ring to any extent with one or more methyl, carbomethoxy, methoxy, methoxymethyl, aryl, allyl, or ester groups;
d. With or without substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms for halogens, or methyl, alkyl, or methoxy groups, in the aromatic ring of the anilide moiety;
e. With or without substitution at the alpha or beta position of the piperidine ring with alkyl, hydroxyl, or methoxy groups;
f. With or without substitution of the benzene ring of the anilide moiety for an aromatic heterocycle; and
g. With or without substitution of the piperidine ring for a pyrrolidine ring, perhydroazepine ring, or azepine ring;

excluding, Alfentanil, Carfentanil, Fentanyl, and Sufentanil; including, but not limited to:

(I) Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl.
(II) Alpha-methylfentanyl (N-[1-(alpha-methyl-betaphenyl) ethyl-4-piperidyl] propionanilide; 1-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-4-(N-propanilido) piperidine).
(III) Alpha-methylthiofentanyl.
(IV) Benzylfentanyl.
(V) Beta-hydroxyfentanyl.
(VI) Beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl.
(VII) 3-Methylfentanyl (N-[3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-phenylpropanamide).
(VIII) 3-Methylthiofentanyl.
(IX) Para-Fluorofentanyl.
(X) Thenylfentanyl or Thienyl fentanyl.
(XI) Thiofentanyl.
(XII) Acetylfentanyl.
(XIII) Butyrylfentanyl.
(XIV) Beta-Hydroxythiofentanyl.
(XV) Lofentanil.
(XVI) Ocfentanil.
(XVII) Ohmfentanyl.
(XVIII) Benzodioxolefentanyl.
(XIX) Furanyl fentanyl.
(XX) Pentanoyl fentanyl.
(XXI) Cyclopentyl fentanyl.
(XXII) Isobutyryl fentanyl.
(XXIII) Remifentanil.
(b) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following substances, their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers, whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:
1. Acetorphine.
2. Acetyldihydrocodeine.
3. Benzylmorphine.
4. Codeine methylbromide.
5. Codeine-N-Oxide.
6. Cyprenorphine.
7. Desomorphine.
8. Dihydromorphine.
9. Drotebanol.
10. Etorphine (except hydrochloride salt).
11. Heroin.
12. Hydromorphinol.
13. Methyldesorphine.
14. Methyldihydromorphine.
15. Monoacetylmorphine.
16. Morphine methylbromide.
17. Morphine methylsulfonate.
18. Morphine-N-Oxide.
19. Myrophine.
20. Nicocodine.
21. Nicomorphine.
22. Normorphine.
23. Pholcodine.
24. Thebacon.
(c) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances or that contains any of their salts, isomers, including optical, positional, or geometric isomers, homologues, nitrogen-heterocyclic analogs, esters, ethers, and salts of isomers, homologues, nitrogen-heterocyclic analogs, esters, or ethers, if the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation or class description:
1. Alpha-Ethyltryptamine.
2. 4-Methylaminorex (2-Amino-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline).
3. Aminorex (2-Amino-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline).
4. DOB (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine).
5. 2C-B (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
6. Bufotenine.
7. Cannabis.
8. Cathinone.
9. DET (Diethyltryptamine).
10. 2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine.
11. DOET (4-Ethyl-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine).
12. DMT (Dimethyltryptamine).
13. PCE (N-Ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine) (Ethylamine analog of phencyclidine).
14. JB-318 (N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate).
15. N-Ethylamphetamine.
16. Fenethylline.
17. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine.
18. Ibogaine.
19. LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide).
20. Mescaline.
21. Methcathinone.
22. 5-Methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine.
23. PMA (4-Methoxyamphetamine).
24. PMMA (4-Methoxymethamphetamine).
25. DOM (4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine).
26. MDEA (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine).
27. MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine).
28. JB-336 (N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate).
29. N,N-Dimethylamphetamine.
30. Parahexyl.
31. Peyote.
32. PCPY (N-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)-pyrrolidine) (Pyrrolidine analog of phencyclidine).
33. Psilocybin.
34. Psilocyn.
35. Salvia divinorum, except for any drug product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration which contains Salvia divinorum or its isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, if the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation.
36. Salvinorin A, except for any drug product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration which contains Salvinorin A or its isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, if the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation.
37. Xylazine.
38. TCP (1-[1-(2-Thienyl)-cyclohexyl]-piperidine) (Thiophene analog of phencyclidine).
39. 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine.
40. Methylone (3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone).
41. MDPV (3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone).
42. Methylmethcathinone.
43. Methoxymethcathinone.
44. Fluoromethcathinone.
45. Methylethcathinone.
46. CP 47,497 (2-(3-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol) and its dimethyloctyl (C8) homologue.
47. HU-210 [(6aR,10aR)-9-(Hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol].
48. JWH-018 (1-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
49. JWH-073 (1-Butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
50. JWH-200 (1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
51. BZP (Benzylpiperazine).
52. Fluorophenylpiperazine.
53. Methylphenylpiperazine.
54. Chlorophenylpiperazine.
55. Methoxyphenylpiperazine.
56. DBZP (1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine).
57. TFMPP (Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine).
58. MBDB (Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine) or (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylbutanamine).
59. 5-Hydroxy-AMT (5-Hydroxy-alpha-methyltryptamine).
60. 5-Hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine.
61. 5-MeO-MiPT (5-Methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine).
62. 5-MeO-AMT (5-Methoxy-alpha-methyltryptamine).
63. Methyltryptamine.
64. 5-MeO-DMT (5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine).
65. 5-Me-DMT (5-Methyl-N,N-dimethyltryptamine).
66. Tyramine (4-Hydroxyphenethylamine).
67. 5-MeO-DiPT (5-Methoxy-N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine).
68. DiPT (N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine).
69. DPT (N,N-Dipropyltryptamine).
70. 4-Hydroxy-DiPT (4-Hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine).
71. 5-MeO-DALT (5-Methoxy-N,N-Diallyltryptamine).
72. DOI (4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine).
73. DOC (4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine).
74. 2C-E (4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
75. 2C-T-4 (4-Isopropylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
76. 2C-C (4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
77. 2C-T (4-Methylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
78. 2C-T-2 (4-Ethylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
79. 2C-T-7 (4-(n)-Propylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
80. 2C-I (4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
81. Butylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-methylaminobutyrophenone).
82. Ethcathinone.
83. Ethylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylcathinone).
84. Naphyrone (Naphthylpyrovalerone).
85. Dimethylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylcathinone).
86. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N,N-diethylcathinone.
87. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-propiophenone.
88. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-bromopropiophenone.
89. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-propiophenone-2-oxime.
90. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-acetylcathinone.
91. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-acetylmethcathinone.
92. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-acetylethcathinone.
93. Bromomethcathinone.
94. Buphedrone (alpha-Methylamino-butyrophenone).
95. Eutylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-ethylaminobutyrophenone).
96. Dimethylcathinone.
97. Dimethylmethcathinone.
98. Pentylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-methylaminovalerophenone).
99. MDPPP (3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone).
100. MDPBP (3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone).
101. MOPPP (Methoxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone).
102. MPHP (Methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone).
103. BTCP (Benzothiophenylcyclohexylpiperidine) or BCP (Benocyclidine).
104. F-MABP (Fluoromethylaminobutyrophenone).
105. MeO-PBP (Methoxypyrrolidinobutyrophenone).
106. Et-PBP (Ethylpyrrolidinobutyrophenone).
107. 3-Me-4-MeO-MCAT (3-Methyl-4-Methoxymethcathinone).
108. Me-EABP (Methylethylaminobutyrophenone).
109. Etizolam.
110. PPP (Pyrrolidinopropiophenone).
111. PBP (Pyrrolidinobutyrophenone).
112. PVP (Pyrrolidinovalerophenone) or (Pyrrolidinopentiophenone).
113. MPPP (Methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone).
114. JWH-007 (1-Pentyl-2-methyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
115. JWH-015 (1-Propyl-2-methyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
116. JWH-019 (1-Hexyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
117. JWH-020 (1-Heptyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
118. JWH-072 (1-Propyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
119. JWH-081 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-methoxy-1-naphthoyl)indole).
120. JWH-122 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphthoyl)indole).
121. JWH-133 ((6aR,10aR)-6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-(2-methylpentan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene).
122. JWH-175 (1-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthylmethyl)indole).
123. JWH-201 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole).
124. JWH-203 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-chlorophenylacetyl)indole).
125. JWH-210 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-ethyl-1-naphthoyl)indole).
126. JWH-250 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole).
127. JWH-251 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-methylphenylacetyl)indole).
128. JWH-302 (1-Pentyl-3-(3-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole).
129. JWH-398 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-chloro-1-naphthoyl)indole).
130. HU-211 ((6aS,10aS)-9-(Hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol).
131. HU-308 ([(1R,2R,5R)-2-[2,6-Dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl]-7,7-dimethyl-4-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-enyl] methanol).
132. HU-331 (3-Hydroxy-2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-5-pentyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione).
133. CB-13 (4-Pentyloxy-1-(1-naphthoyl)naphthalene).
134. CB-25 (N-Cyclopropyl-11-(3-hydroxy-5-pentylphenoxy)-undecanamide).
135. CB-52 (N-Cyclopropyl-11-(2-hexyl-5-hydroxyphenoxy)-undecanamide).
136. CP 55,940 (2-[3-Hydroxy-6-propanol-cyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol).
137. AM-694 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole).
138. AM-2201 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
139. RCS-4 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole).
140. RCS-8 (1-(2-Cyclohexylethyl)-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole).
141. WIN55,212-2 ((R)-(+)-[2,3-Dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone).
142. WIN55,212-3 ([(3S)-2,3-Dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone).
143. Pentedrone (alpha-Methylaminovalerophenone).
144. Fluoroamphetamine.
145. Fluoromethamphetamine.
146. Methoxetamine.
147. Methiopropamine.
148. Methylbuphedrone (Methyl-alpha-methylaminobutyrophenone).
149. APB ((2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran).
150. APDB ((2-Aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran).
151. UR-144 (1-Pentyl-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
152. XLR11 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
153. Chloro UR-144 (1-(Chloropentyl)-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
154. AKB48 (N-Adamant-1-yl 1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide).
155. AM-2233(1-[(N-Methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole).
156. STS-135 (N-Adamant-1-yl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
157. URB-597 ((3′-(Aminocarbonyl)[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-cyclohexylcarbamate).
158. URB-602 ([1,1′-Biphenyl]-3-yl-carbamic acid, cyclohexyl ester).
159. URB-754 (6-Methyl-2-[(4-methylphenyl)amino]-1-benzoxazin-4-one).
160. 2C-D (4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
161. 2C-H (2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine).
162. 2C-N (4-Nitro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
163. 2C-P (4-(n)-Propyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
164. 25I-NBOMe (4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
165. MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
166. PB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-pentylindole-3-carboxylate).
167. Fluoro PB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-(fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxylate).
168. BB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indole-3-carboxylate).
169. Fluoro AKB48 (N-Adamant-1-yl 1-(fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
170. AB-PINACA (N-(1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide).
171. AB-FUBINACA (N-(1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
172. ADB-PINACA (N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide).
173. Fluoro ADBICA (N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
174. 25B-NBOMe (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
175. 25C-NBOMe (4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
176. AB-CHMINACA (N-(1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
177. FUB-PB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)indole-3-carboxylate).
178. Fluoro-NNEI (N-Naphthalen-1-yl 1-(fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
179. Fluoro-AMB (N-(1-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
180. THJ-2201 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indazole).
181. AM-855 ((4aR,12bR)-8-Hexyl-2,5,5-trimethyl-1,4,4a,8,9,10,11,12b-octahydronaphtho[3,2-c]isochromen-12-ol).
182. AM-905 ((6aR,9R,10aR)-3-[(E)-Hept-1-enyl]-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol).
183. AM-906 ((6aR,9R,10aR)-3-[(Z)-Hept-1-enyl]-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol).
184. AM-2389 ((6aR,9R,10aR)-3-(1-Hexyl-cyclobut-1-yl)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1,9 diol).
185. HU-243 ((6aR,8S,9S,10aR)-9-(Hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-8,9-ditritio-7,8,10,10a-tetrahydro-6aH-benzo[c]chromen-1-ol).
186. HU-336 ((6aR,10aR)-6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[c]chromene-1,4(6H)-dione).
187. MAPB ((2-Methylaminopropyl)benzofuran).
188. 5-IT (2-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-1-methyl-ethylamine).
189. 6-IT (2-(1H-Indol-6-yl)-1-methyl-ethylamine).
190. Synthetic Cannabinoids.—Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule or contained within a pharmaceutical product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of a synthetic cannabinoid found to be in any of the following chemical class descriptions, or homologues, nitrogen-heterocyclic analogs, isomers (including optical, positional, or geometric), esters, ethers, salts, and salts of homologues, nitrogen-heterocyclic analogs, isomers, esters, or ethers, whenever the existence of such homologues, nitrogen-heterocyclic analogs, isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, or ethers is possible within the specific chemical class or designation. Since nomenclature of these synthetically produced cannabinoids is not internationally standardized and may continually evolve, these structures or the compounds of these structures shall be included under this subparagraph, regardless of their specific numerical designation of atomic positions covered, if it can be determined through a recognized method of scientific testing or analysis that the substance contains properties that fit within one or more of the following categories:
a. Tetrahydrocannabinols.—Any tetrahydrocannabinols naturally contained in a plant of the genus Cannabis, the synthetic equivalents of the substances contained in the plant or in the resinous extracts of the genus Cannabis, or synthetic substances, derivatives, and their isomers with similar chemical structure and pharmacological activity, including, but not limited to, Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinols and their optical isomers, Delta 8 tetrahydrocannabinols and their optical isomers, Delta 6a,10a tetrahydrocannabinols and their optical isomers, or any compound containing a tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene structure with substitution at either or both the 3-position or 9-position, with or without substitution at the 1-position with hydroxyl or alkoxy groups, including, but not limited to:
(I) Tetrahydrocannabinol.
(II) HU-210 ((6aR,10aR)-9-(Hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol).
(III) HU-211 ((6aS,10aS)-9-(Hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol).
(IV) JWH-051 ((6aR,10aR)-9-(Hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene).
(V) JWH-133 ((6aR,10aR)-6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-(2-methylpentan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene).
(VI) JWH-057 ((6aR,10aR)-6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene).
(VII) JWH-359 ((6aR,10aR)-1-Methoxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-(2,3-dimethylpentan-2-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromene).
(VIII) AM-087 ((6aR,10aR)-3-(2-Methyl-6-bromohex-2-yl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol).
(IX) AM-411 ((6aR,10aR)-3-(1-Adamantyl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol).
(X) Parahexyl.
b. Naphthoylindoles, Naphthoylindazoles, Naphthoylcarbazoles, Naphthylmethylindoles, Naphthylmethylindazoles, and Naphthylmethylcarbazoles.—Any compound containing a naphthoylindole, naphthoylindazole, naphthoylcarbazole, naphthylmethylindole, naphthylmethylindazole, or naphthylmethylcarbazole structure, with or without substitution on the indole, indazole, or carbazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the naphthyl ring to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) JWH-007 (1-Pentyl-2-methyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(II) JWH-011 (1-(1-Methylhexyl)-2-methyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(III) JWH-015 (1-Propyl-2-methyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(IV) JWH-016 (1-Butyl-2-methyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(V) JWH-018 (1-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(VI) JWH-019 (1-Hexyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(VII) JWH-020 (1-Heptyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(VIII) JWH-022 (1-(4-Pentenyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(IX) JWH-071 (1-Ethyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(X) JWH-072 (1-Propyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XI) JWH-073 (1-Butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XII) JWH-080 (1-Butyl-3-(4-methoxy-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XIII) JWH-081 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-methoxy-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XIV) JWH-098 (1-Pentyl-2-methyl-3-(4-methoxy-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XV) JWH-116 (1-Pentyl-2-ethyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XVI) JWH-122 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XVII) JWH-149 (1-Pentyl-2-methyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XVIII) JWH-164 (1-Pentyl-3-(7-methoxy-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XIX) JWH-175 (1-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthylmethyl)indole).
(XX) JWH-180 (1-Propyl-3-(4-propyl-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXI) JWH-182 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-propyl-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXII) JWH-184 (1-Pentyl-3-[(4-methyl)-1-naphthylmethyl]indole).
(XXIII) JWH-193 (1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(4-methyl-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXIV) JWH-198 (1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(4-methoxy-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXV) JWH-200 (1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXVI) JWH-210 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-ethyl-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXVII) JWH-387 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-bromo-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXVIII) JWH-398 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-chloro-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXIX) JWH-412 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-fluoro-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXX) JWH-424 (1-Pentyl-3-(8-bromo-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXXI) AM-1220 (1-[(1-Methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXXII) AM-1235 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-6-nitro-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXXIII) AM-2201 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXXIV) Chloro JWH-018 (1-(Chloropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXXV) Bromo JWH-018 (1-(Bromopentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXXVI) AM-2232 (1-(4-Cyanobutyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXXVII) THJ-2201 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indazole).
(XXXVIII) MAM-2201 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(4-methyl-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XXXIX) EAM-2201 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(4-ethyl-1-naphthoyl)indole).
(XL) EG-018 (9-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)carbazole).
(XLI) EG-2201 (9-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)carbazole).
c. Naphthoylpyrroles.—Any compound containing a naphthoylpyrrole structure, with or without substitution on the pyrrole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the naphthyl ring to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) JWH-030 (1-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole).
(II) JWH-031 (1-Hexyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole).
(III) JWH-145 (1-Pentyl-5-phenyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole).
(IV) JWH-146 (1-Heptyl-5-phenyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole).
(V) JWH-147 (1-Hexyl-5-phenyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole).
(VI) JWH-307 (1-Pentyl-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole).
(VII) JWH-309 (1-Pentyl-5-(1-naphthalenyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole).
(VIII) JWH-368 (1-Pentyl-5-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole).
(IX) JWH-369 (1-Pentyl-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole).
(X) JWH-370 (1-Pentyl-5-(2-methylphenyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrrole).
d. Naphthylmethylenindenes.—Any compound containing a naphthylmethylenindene structure, with or without substitution at the 3-position of the indene ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the naphthyl ring to any extent, including, but not limited to, JWH-176 (3-Pentyl-1-(naphthylmethylene)indene).
e. Phenylacetylindoles and Phenylacetylindazoles.—Any compound containing a phenylacetylindole or phenylacetylindazole structure, with or without substitution on the indole or indazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the phenyl ring to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) JWH-167 (1-Pentyl-3-(phenylacetyl)indole).
(II) JWH-201 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole).
(III) JWH-203 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-chlorophenylacetyl)indole).
(IV) JWH-250 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole).
(V) JWH-251 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-methylphenylacetyl)indole).
(VI) JWH-302 (1-Pentyl-3-(3-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole).
(VII) Cannabipiperidiethanone.
(VIII) RCS-8 (1-(2-Cyclohexylethyl)-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole).
f. Cyclohexylphenols.—Any compound containing a cyclohexylphenol structure, with or without substitution at the 5-position of the phenolic ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the cyclohexyl ring to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) CP 47,497 (2-(3-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol).
(II) Cannabicyclohexanol (CP 47,497 dimethyloctyl (C8) homologue).
(III) CP-55,940 (2-(3-Hydroxy-6-propanol-cyclohexyl)-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol).
g. Benzoylindoles and Benzoylindazoles.—Any compound containing a benzoylindole or benzoylindazole structure, with or without substitution on the indole or indazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the phenyl ring to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) AM-679 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole).
(II) AM-694 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole).
(III) AM-1241 (1-[(N-Methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-3-(2-iodo-5-nitrobenzoyl)indole).
(IV) Pravadoline (1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-2-methyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole).
(V) AM-2233 (1-[(N-Methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole).
(VI) RCS-4 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole).
(VII) RCS-4 C4 homologue (1-Butyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole).
(VIII) AM-630 (1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-2-methyl-6-iodo-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)indole).
h. Tetramethylcyclopropanoylindoles and Tetramethylcyclopropanoylindazoles.—Any compound containing a tetramethylcyclopropanoylindole or tetramethylcyclopropanoylindazole structure, with or without substitution on the indole or indazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the tetramethylcyclopropyl group to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) UR-144 (1-Pentyl-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
(II) XLR11 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
(III) Chloro UR-144 (1-(Chloropentyl)-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
(IV) A-796,260 (1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
(V) A-834,735 (1-[4-(Tetrahydropyranyl)methyl]-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
(VI) M-144 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-2-methyl-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
(VII) FUB-144 (1-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
(VIII) FAB-144 (1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indazole).
(IX) XLR12 (1-(4,4,4-Trifluorobutyl)-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
(X) AB-005 (1-[(1-Methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl]-3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanoyl)indole).
i. Adamantoylindoles, Adamantoylindazoles, Adamantylindole carboxamides, and Adamantylindazole carboxamides.—Any compound containing an adamantoyl indole, adamantoyl indazole, adamantyl indole carboxamide, or adamantyl indazole carboxamide structure, with or without substitution on the indole or indazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the adamantyl ring to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) AKB48 (N-Adamant-1-yl 1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide).
(II) Fluoro AKB48 (N-Adamant-1-yl 1-(fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(III) STS-135 (N-Adamant-1-yl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
(IV) AM-1248 (1-(1-Methylpiperidine)methyl-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole).
(V) AB-001 (1-Pentyl-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole).
(VI) APICA (N-Adamant-1-yl 1-pentylindole-3-carboxamide).
(VII) Fluoro AB-001 (1-(Fluoropentyl)-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole).
j. Quinolinylindolecarboxylates, Quinolinylindazolecarboxylates, Quinolinylindolecarboxamides, and Quinolinylindazolecarboxamides.—Any compound containing a quinolinylindole carboxylate, quinolinylindazole carboxylate, isoquinolinylindole carboxylate, isoquinolinylindazole carboxylate, quinolinylindole carboxamide, quinolinylindazole carboxamide, isoquinolinylindole carboxamide, or isoquinolinylindazole carboxamide structure, with or without substitution on the indole or indazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the quinoline or isoquinoline ring to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) PB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-pentylindole-3-carboxylate).
(II) Fluoro PB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-(fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxylate).
(III) BB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indole-3-carboxylate).
(IV) FUB-PB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)indole-3-carboxylate).
(V) NPB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-pentylindazole-3-carboxylate).
(VI) Fluoro NPB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-(fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxylate).
(VII) FUB-NPB-22 (8-Quinolinyl 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)indazole-3-carboxylate).
(VIII) THJ (8-Quinolinyl 1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide).
(IX) Fluoro THJ (8-Quinolinyl 1-(fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
k. Naphthylindolecarboxylates and Naphthylindazolecarboxylates.—Any compound containing a naphthylindole carboxylate or naphthylindazole carboxylate structure, with or without substitution on the indole or indazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the naphthyl ring to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) NM-2201 (1-Naphthalenyl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxylate).
(II) SDB-005 (1-Naphthalenyl 1-pentylindazole-3-carboxylate).
(III) Fluoro SDB-005 (1-Naphthalenyl 1-(fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxylate).
(IV) FDU-PB-22 (1-Naphthalenyl 1-(4-fluorobenzyl)indole-3-carboxylate).
(V) 3-CAF (2-Naphthalenyl 1-(2-fluorophenyl)indazole-3-carboxylate).
l. Naphthylindole carboxamides and Naphthylindazole carboxamides.—Any compound containing a naphthylindole carboxamide or naphthylindazole carboxamide structure, with or without substitution on the indole or indazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the naphthyl ring to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) NNEI (N-Naphthalen-1-yl 1-pentylindole-3-carboxamide).
(II) Fluoro-NNEI (N-Naphthalen-1-yl 1-(fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
(III) Chloro-NNEI (N-Naphthalen-1-yl 1-(chloropentyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
(IV) MN-18 (N-Naphthalen-1-yl 1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide).
(V) Fluoro MN-18 (N-Naphthalen-1-yl 1-(fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
m. Alkylcarbonyl indole carboxamides, Alkylcarbonyl indazole carboxamides, Alkylcarbonyl indole carboxylates, and Alkylcarbonyl indazole carboxylates.—Any compound containing an alkylcarbonyl group, including 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl, 1-amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl, 1-methoxy-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl, with an indole carboxamide, indazole carboxamide, indole carboxylate, or indazole carboxylate, with or without substitution on the indole or indazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the alkylcarbonyl group to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) ADBICA, (N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentylindole-3-carboxamide).
(II) Fluoro ADBICA (N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
(III) Fluoro ABICA (N-(1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
(IV) AB-PINACA (N-(1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide).
(V) Fluoro AB-PINACA (N-(1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(VI) ADB-PINACA (N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide).
(VII) Fluoro ADB-PINACA (N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(VIII) AB-FUBINACA (N-(1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(IX) ADB-FUBINACA (N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(X) AB-CHMINACA (N-(1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(XI) MA-CHMINACA (N-(1-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(XII) MAB-CHMINACA (N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(XIII) AMB (N-(1-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentylindazole-3-carboxamide).
(XIV) Fluoro-AMB (N-(1-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(XV) FUB-AMB (N-(1-Methoxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(XVI) MDMB-CHMINACA (N-(1-Methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(XVII) MDMB-FUBINACA (N-(1-Methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(XVIII) MDMB-CHMICA (N-(1-Methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
(XIX) PX-1 (N-(1-Amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
(XX) PX-2 (N-(1-Amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(XXI) PX-3 (N-(1-Amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(XXII) PX-4 (N-(1-Amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)indazole-3-carboxamide).
(XXIII) MO-CHMINACA (N-(1-Methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indazole-3-carboxylate).
n. Cumylindolecarboxamides and Cumylindazolecarboxamides.—Any compound containing a N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl) indole carboxamide or N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl) indazole carboxamide structure, with or without substitution on the indole or indazole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the phenyl ring of the cumyl group to any extent, including, but not limited to:
(I) CUMYL-PICA (N-(2-Phenylpropan-2-yl)-1-pentylindole-3-carboxamide).
(II) Fluoro CUMYL-PICA (N-(2-Phenylpropan-2-yl)-1-(fluoropentyl)indole-3-carboxamide).
o. Other Synthetic Cannabinoids.—Any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of a Synthetic Cannabinoid, as described in sub-subparagraphs a.-n.:
(I) With or without modification or replacement of a carbonyl, carboxamide, alkylene, alkyl, or carboxylate linkage between either two core rings, or linkage between a core ring and group structure, with or without the addition of a carbon or replacement of a carbon;
(II) With or without replacement of a core ring or group structure, whether or not substituted on the ring or group structures to any extent; and
(III) Is a cannabinoid receptor agonist, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule or contained within a pharmaceutical product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration.
191. Substituted Cathinones.—Unless specifically excepted, listed in another schedule, or contained within a pharmaceutical product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation, including its salts, isomers, esters, or ethers, and salts of isomers, esters, or ethers, whenever the existence of such salts is possible within any of the following specific chemical designations:
a. Any compound containing a 2-amino-1-phenyl-1-propanone structure;
b. Any compound containing a 2-amino-1-naphthyl-1-propanone structure; or
c. Any compound containing a 2-amino-1-thiophenyl-1-propanone structure,

whether or not the compound is further modified:

(I) With or without substitution on the ring system to any extent with alkyl, alkylthio, thio, fused alkylenedioxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, nitro, fused furan, fused benzofuran, fused dihydrofuran, fused tetrahydropyran, fused alkyl ring, or halide substituents;
(II) With or without substitution at the 3-propanone position with an alkyl substituent or removal of the methyl group at the 3-propanone position;
(III) With or without substitution at the 2-amino nitrogen atom with alkyl, dialkyl, acetyl, or benzyl groups, whether or not further substituted in the ring system; or
(IV) With or without inclusion of the 2-amino nitrogen atom in a cyclic structure, including, but not limited to:
(A) Methcathinone.
(B) Ethcathinone.
(C) Methylone (3,4-Methylenedioxymethcathinone).
(D) 2,3-Methylenedioxymethcathinone.
(E) MDPV (3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone).
(F) Methylmethcathinone.
(G) Methoxymethcathinone.
(H) Fluoromethcathinone.
(I) Methylethcathinone.
(J) Butylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-methylaminobutyrophenone).
(K) Ethylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylcathinone).
(L) BMDP (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-benzylcathinone).
(M) Naphyrone (Naphthylpyrovalerone).
(N) Bromomethcathinone.
(O) Buphedrone (alpha-Methylaminobutyrophenone).
(P) Eutylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-ethylaminobutyrophenone).
(Q) Dimethylcathinone.
(R) Dimethylmethcathinone.
(S) Pentylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-methylaminovalerophenone).
(T) Pentedrone (alpha-Methylaminovalerophenone).
(U) MDPPP (3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone).
(V) MDPBP (3,4-Methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone).
(W) MPPP (Methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone).
(X) PPP (Pyrrolidinopropiophenone).
(Y) PVP (Pyrrolidinovalerophenone) or (Pyrrolidinopentiophenone).
(Z) MOPPP (Methoxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone).
(AA) MPHP (Methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone).
(BB) F-MABP (Fluoromethylaminobutyrophenone).
(CC) Me-EABP (Methylethylaminobutyrophenone).
(DD) PBP (Pyrrolidinobutyrophenone).
(EE) MeO-PBP (Methoxypyrrolidinobutyrophenone).
(FF) Et-PBP (Ethylpyrrolidinobutyrophenone).
(GG) 3-Me-4-MeO-MCAT (3-Methyl-4-Methoxymethcathinone).
(HH) Dimethylone (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N,N-dimethylcathinone).
(II) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N,N-diethylcathinone.
(JJ) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-acetylcathinone.
(KK) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-acetylmethcathinone.
(LL) 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-acetylethcathinone.
(MM) Methylbuphedrone (Methyl-alpha-methylaminobutyrophenone).
(NN) Methyl-alpha-methylaminohexanophenone.
(OO) N-Ethyl-N-methylcathinone.
(PP) PHP (Pyrrolidinohexanophenone).
(QQ) PV8 (Pyrrolidinoheptanophenone).
(RR) Chloromethcathinone.
(SS) 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-alpha-aminoacetophenone.
192. Substituted Phenethylamines.—Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, or contained within a pharmaceutical product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation, including its salts, isomers, esters, or ethers, and salts of isomers, esters, or ethers, whenever the existence of such salts is possible within any of the following specific chemical designations, any compound containing a phenethylamine structure, without a beta-keto group, and without a benzyl group attached to the amine group, whether or not the compound is further modified with or without substitution on the phenyl ring to any extent with alkyl, alkylthio, nitro, alkoxy, thio, halide, fused alkylenedioxy, fused furan, fused benzofuran, fused dihydrofuran, or fused tetrahydropyran substituents, whether or not further substituted on a ring to any extent, with or without substitution at the alpha or beta position by any alkyl substituent, with or without substitution at the nitrogen atom, and with or without inclusion of the 2-amino nitrogen atom in a cyclic structure, including, but not limited to:
a. 2C-B (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
b. 2C-E (4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
c. 2C-T-4 (4-Isopropylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
d. 2C-C (4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
e. 2C-T (4-Methylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
f. 2C-T-2 (4-Ethylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
g. 2C-T-7 (4-(n)-Propylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
h. 2C-I (4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
i. 2C-D (4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
j. 2C-H (2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine).
k. 2C-N (4-Nitro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
l. 2C-P (4-(n)-Propyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine).
m. MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine).
n. MBDB (Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine) or (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylbutanamine).
o. MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine).
p. 2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine.
q. Fluoroamphetamine.
r. Fluoromethamphetamine.
s. MDEA (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine).
t. DOB (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine).
u. DOC (4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine).
v. DOET (4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine).
w. DOI (4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine).
x. DOM (4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine).
y. PMA (4-Methoxyamphetamine).
z. N-Ethylamphetamine.
aa. 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine.
bb. 5-Methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine.
cc. PMMA (4-Methoxymethamphetamine).
dd. N,N-Dimethylamphetamine.
ee. 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine.
ff. 4-APB (4-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran).
gg. 5-APB (5-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran).
hh. 6-APB (6-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran).
ii. 7-APB (7-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran).
jj. 4-APDB (4-(2-Aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran).
kk. 5-APDB (5-(2-Aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran).
ll. 6-APDB (6-(2-Aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran).
mm. 7-APDB (7-(2-Aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran).
nn. 4-MAPB (4-(2-Methylaminopropyl)benzofuran).
oo. 5-MAPB (5-(2-Methylaminopropyl)benzofuran).
pp. 6-MAPB (6-(2-Methylaminopropyl)benzofuran).
qq. 7-MAPB (7-(2-Methylaminopropyl)benzofuran).
rr. 5-EAPB (5-(2-Ethylaminopropyl)benzofuran).
ss. 5-MAPDB (5-(2-Methylaminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran),

which does not include phenethylamine, mescaline as described in subparagraph 20., substituted cathinones as described in subparagraph 191., N-Benzyl phenethylamine compounds as described in subparagraph 193., or methamphetamine as described in subparagraph (2)(c)5.

193. N-Benzyl Phenethylamine Compounds.—Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, or contained within a pharmaceutical product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation, including its salts, isomers, esters, or ethers, and salts of isomers, esters, or ethers, whenever the existence of such salts is possible within any of the following specific chemical designations, any compound containing a phenethylamine structure without a beta-keto group, with substitution on the nitrogen atom of the amino group with a benzyl substituent, with or without substitution on the phenyl or benzyl ring to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, thio, alkylthio, halide, fused alkylenedioxy, fused furan, fused benzofuran, or fused tetrahydropyran substituents, whether or not further substituted on a ring to any extent, with or without substitution at the alpha position by any alkyl substituent, including, but not limited to:
a. 25B-NBOMe (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
b. 25B-NBOH (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
c. 25B-NBF (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-fluorobenzyl)]phenethylamine).
d. 25B-NBMD (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2,3-methylenedioxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
e. 25I-NBOMe (4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
f. 25I-NBOH (4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
g. 25I-NBF (4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-fluorobenzyl)]phenethylamine).
h. 25I-NBMD (4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2,3-methylenedioxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
i. 25T2-NBOMe (4-Methylthio-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
j. 25T4-NBOMe (4-Isopropylthio-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
k. 25T7-NBOMe (4-(n)-Propylthio-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
l. 25C-NBOMe (4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
m. 25C-NBOH (4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
n. 25C-NBF (4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-fluorobenzyl)]phenethylamine).
o. 25C-NBMD (4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2,3-methylenedioxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
p. 25H-NBOMe (2,5-Dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
q. 25H-NBOH (2,5-Dimethoxy-[N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)]phenethylamine).
r. 25H-NBF (2,5-Dimethoxy-[N-(2-fluorobenzyl)]phenethylamine).
s. 25D-NBOMe (4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxy-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)]phenethylamine),

which does not include substituted cathinones as described in subparagraph 191.

194. Substituted Tryptamines.—Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, or contained within a pharmaceutical product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation containing a 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine, for example tryptamine, structure with or without mono- or di-substitution of the amine nitrogen with alkyl or alkenyl groups, or by inclusion of the amino nitrogen atom in a cyclic structure, whether or not substituted at the alpha position with an alkyl group, whether or not substituted on the indole ring to any extent with any alkyl, alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl, or acetoxy groups, including, but not limited to:
a. Alpha-Ethyltryptamine.
b. Bufotenine.
c. DET (Diethyltryptamine).
d. DMT (Dimethyltryptamine).
e. MET (N-Methyl-N-ethyltryptamine).
f. DALT (N,N-Diallyltryptamine).
g. EiPT (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyltryptamine).
h. MiPT (N-Methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine).
i. 5-Hydroxy-AMT (5-Hydroxy-alpha-methyltryptamine).
j. 5-Hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine.
k. 5-MeO-MiPT (5-Methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine).
l. 5-MeO-AMT (5-Methoxy-alpha-methyltryptamine).
m. Methyltryptamine.
n. 5-MeO-DMT (5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine).
o. 5-Me-DMT (5-Methyl-N,N-dimethyltryptamine).
p. 5-MeO-DiPT (5-Methoxy-N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine).
q. DiPT (N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine).
r. DPT (N,N-Dipropyltryptamine).
s. 4-Hydroxy-DiPT (4-Hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine).
t. 5-MeO-DALT (5-Methoxy-N,N-Diallyltryptamine).
u. 4-AcO-DMT (4-Acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine).
v. 4-AcO-DiPT (4-Acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine).
w. 4-Hydroxy-DET (4-Hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine).
x. 4-Hydroxy-MET (4-Hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine).
y. 4-Hydroxy-MiPT (4-Hydroxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine).
z. Methyl-alpha-ethyltryptamine.
aa. Bromo-DALT (Bromo-N,N-diallyltryptamine),

which does not include tryptamine, psilocyn as described in subparagraph 34., or psilocybin as described in subparagraph 33.

195. Substituted Phenylcyclohexylamines.—Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, or contained within a pharmaceutical product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation containing a phenylcyclohexylamine structure, with or without any substitution on the phenyl ring, any substitution on the cyclohexyl ring, any replacement of the phenyl ring with a thiophenyl or benzothiophenyl ring, with or without substitution on the amine with alkyl, dialkyl, or alkoxy substituents, inclusion of the nitrogen in a cyclic structure, or any combination of the above, including, but not limited to:
a. BTCP (Benzothiophenylcyclohexylpiperidine) or BCP (Benocyclidine).
b. PCE (N-Ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine)(Ethylamine analog of phencyclidine).
c. PCPY (N-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)-pyrrolidine)(Pyrrolidine analog of phencyclidine).
d. PCPr (Phenylcyclohexylpropylamine).
e. TCP (1-[1-(2-Thienyl)-cyclohexyl]-piperidine)(Thiophene analog of phencyclidine).
f. PCEEA (Phenylcyclohexyl(ethoxyethylamine)).
g. PCMPA (Phenylcyclohexyl(methoxypropylamine)).
h. Methoxetamine.
i. 3-Methoxy-PCE ((3-Methoxyphenyl)cyclohexylethylamine).
j. Bromo-PCP ((Bromophenyl)cyclohexylpiperidine).
k. Chloro-PCP ((Chlorophenyl)cyclohexylpiperidine).
l. Fluoro-PCP ((Fluorophenyl)cyclohexylpiperidine).
m. Hydroxy-PCP ((Hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexylpiperidine).
n. Methoxy-PCP ((Methoxyphenyl)cyclohexylpiperidine).
o. Methyl-PCP ((Methylphenyl)cyclohexylpiperidine).
p. Nitro-PCP ((Nitrophenyl)cyclohexylpiperidine).
q. Oxo-PCP ((Oxophenyl)cyclohexylpiperidine).
r. Amino-PCP ((Aminophenyl)cyclohexylpiperidine).
196. W-15, 4-chloro-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-2-piperidinylidene]-benzenesulfonamide.
197. W-18, 4-chloro-N-[1-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl]-2-piperidinylidene]-benzenesulfonamide.
198. AH-7921, 3,4-dichloro-N-[[1-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]methyl]-benzamide.
199. U47700, trans-3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methyl-benzamide.
200. MT-45, 1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)-piperazine, dihydrochloride.
(d) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances, including any of its salts, isomers, optical isomers, salts of their isomers, and salts of these optical isomers whenever the existence of such isomers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:
1. 1,4-Butanediol.
2. Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL).
3. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).
4. Methaqualone.
5. Mecloqualone.
(2) SCHEDULE II.—A substance in Schedule II has a high potential for abuse and has a currently accepted but severely restricted medical use in treatment in the United States, and abuse of the substance may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. The following substances are controlled in Schedule II:
(a) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following substances, whether produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substances of vegetable origin or independently by means of chemical synthesis:
1. Opium and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium, except nalmefene or isoquinoline alkaloids of opium, including, but not limited to the following:
a. Raw opium.
b. Opium extracts.
c. Opium fluid extracts.
d. Powdered opium.
e. Granulated opium.
f. Tincture of opium.
g. Codeine.
h. Dihydroetorphine.
i. Ethylmorphine.
j. Etorphine hydrochloride.
k. Hydrocodone and hydrocodone combination products.
l. Hydromorphone.
m. Levo-alphacetylmethadol (also known as levo-alpha-acetylmethadol, levomethadyl acetate, or LAAM).
n. Metopon (methyldihydromorphinone).
o. Morphine.
p. Oripavine.
q. Oxycodone.
r. Oxymorphone.
s. Thebaine.
2. Any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of a substance which is chemically equivalent to or identical with any of the substances referred to in subparagraph 1., except that these substances shall not include the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium.
3. Any part of the plant of the species Papaver somniferum, L.
4. Cocaine or ecgonine, including any of their stereoisomers, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of cocaine or ecgonine, except that these substances shall not include ioflupane I 123.
(b) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following substances, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, whenever the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:
1. Alfentanil.
2. Alphaprodine.
3. Anileridine.
4. Bezitramide.
5. Bulk propoxyphene (nondosage forms).
6. Carfentanil.
7. Dihydrocodeine.
8. Diphenoxylate.
9. Fentanyl.
10. Isomethadone.
11. Levomethorphan.
12. Levorphanol.
13. Metazocine.
14. Methadone.
15. Methadone-Intermediate,4-cyano-2-
dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylbutane.
16. Moramide-Intermediate,2-methyl-
3-morpholoino-1,1-diphenylpropane-carboxylic acid.
17. Nabilone.
18. Pethidine (meperidine).
19. Pethidine-Intermediate-A,4-cyano-1-
methyl-4-phenylpiperidine.
20. Pethidine-Intermediate-B,ethyl-4-
phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylate.
21. Pethidine-Intermediate-C,1-methyl-4- phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid.
22. Phenazocine.
23. Phencyclidine.
24. 1-Phenylcyclohexylamine.
25. Piminodine.
26. 1-Piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile.
27. Racemethorphan.
28. Racemorphan.
29. Remifentanil.
30. Sufentanil.
31. Tapentadol.
32. Thiafentanil.
(c) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances, including their salts, isomers, optical isomers, salts of their isomers, and salts of their optical isomers:
1. Amobarbital.
2. Amphetamine.
3. Glutethimide.
4. Lisdexamfetamine.
5. Methamphetamine.
6. Methylphenidate.
7. Pentobarbital.
8. Phenmetrazine.
9. Phenylacetone.
10. Secobarbital.
(d) Dronabinol (synthetic THC) in oral solution in a drug product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration.
(3) SCHEDULE III.—A substance in Schedule III has a potential for abuse less than the substances contained in Schedules I and II and has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and abuse of the substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence or, in the case of anabolic steroids, may lead to physical damage. The following substances are controlled in Schedule III:
(a) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant or stimulant effect on the nervous system:
1. Any substance which contains any quantity of a derivative of barbituric acid, including thiobarbituric acid, or any salt of a derivative of barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid, including, but not limited to, butabarbital and butalbital.
2. Benzphetamine.
3. Buprenorphine.
4. Chlorhexadol.
5. Chlorphentermine.
6. Clortermine.
7. Embutramide.
8. Lysergic acid.
9. Lysergic acid amide.
10. Methyprylon.
11. Perampanel.
12. Phendimetrazine.
13. Sulfondiethylmethane.
14. Sulfonethylmethane.
15. Sulfonmethane.
16. Tiletamine and zolazepam or any salt thereof.
(b) Nalorphine.
(c) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation containing limited quantities of any of the following controlled substances or any salts thereof:
1. Not more than 1.8 grams of codeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit, with an equal or greater quantity of an isoquinoline alkaloid of opium.
2. Not more than 1.8 grams of codeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit, with recognized therapeutic amounts of one or more active ingredients which are not controlled substances.
3. Not more than 300 milligrams of hydrocodone per 100 milliliters or not more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with a fourfold or greater quantity of an isoquinoline alkaloid of opium.
4. Not more than 300 milligrams of hydrocodone per 100 milliliters or not more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with recognized therapeutic amounts of one or more active ingredients that are not controlled substances.
5. Not more than 1.8 grams of dihydrocodeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit, with recognized therapeutic amounts of one or more active ingredients which are not controlled substances.
6. Not more than 300 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100 milliliters or not more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.
7. Not more than 50 milligrams of morphine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams, with recognized therapeutic amounts of one or more active ingredients which are not controlled substances.

For purposes of charging a person with a violation of s. 893.135 involving any controlled substance described in subparagraph 3. or subparagraph 4., the controlled substance is a Schedule III controlled substance pursuant to this paragraph but the weight of the controlled substance per milliliters or per dosage unit is not relevant to the charging of a violation of s. 893.135. The weight of the controlled substance shall be determined pursuant to s. 893.135(6).

(d) Anabolic steroids.
1. The term “anabolic steroid” means any drug or hormonal substance, chemically and pharmacologically related to testosterone, other than estrogens, progestins, and corticosteroids, that promotes muscle growth and includes:
a. Androsterone.
b. Androsterone acetate.
c. Boldenone.
d. Boldenone acetate.
e. Boldenone benzoate.
f. Boldenone undecylenate.
g. Chlorotestosterone (Clostebol).
h. Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.
i. Dihydrotestosterone (Stanolone).
j. Drostanolone.
k. Ethylestrenol.
l. Fluoxymesterone.
m. Formebulone (Formebolone).
n. Mesterolone.
o. Methandrostenolone (Methandienone).
p. Methandranone.
q. Methandriol.
r. Methenolone.
s. Methyltestosterone.
t. Mibolerone.
u. Nortestosterone (Nandrolone).
v. Norethandrolone.
w. Nortestosterone decanoate.
x. Nortestosterone phenylpropionate.
y. Nortestosterone propionate.
z. Oxandrolone.
aa. Oxymesterone.
bb. Oxymetholone.
cc. Stanozolol.
dd. Testolactone.
ee. Testosterone.
ff. Testosterone acetate.
gg. Testosterone benzoate.
hh. Testosterone cypionate.
ii. Testosterone decanoate.
jj. Testosterone enanthate.
kk. Testosterone isocaproate.
ll. Testosterone oleate.
mm. Testosterone phenylpropionate.
nn. Testosterone propionate.
oo. Testosterone undecanoate.
pp. Trenbolone.
qq. Trenbolone acetate.
rr. Any salt, ester, or isomer of a drug or substance described or listed in this subparagraph if that salt, ester, or isomer promotes muscle growth.
2. The term does not include an anabolic steroid that is expressly intended for administration through implants to cattle or other nonhuman species and that has been approved by the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services for such administration. However, any person who prescribes, dispenses, or distributes such a steroid for human use is considered to have prescribed, dispensed, or distributed an anabolic steroid within the meaning of this paragraph.
(e) Ketamine, including any isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers, whenever the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation.
(f) Dronabinol (synthetic THC) in sesame oil and encapsulated in a soft gelatin capsule in a drug product approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration.
(g) Any drug product containing gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers, for which an application is approved under s. 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
(4)(a) SCHEDULE IV.—A substance in Schedule IV has a low potential for abuse relative to the substances in Schedule III and has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and abuse of the substance may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to the substances in Schedule III.
(b) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation, are controlled in Schedule IV:
1. Alfaxalone.
2. Alprazolam.
3. Barbital.
4. Bromazepam.
5. Butorphanol tartrate.
6. Camazepam.
7. Carisoprodol.
8. Cathine.
9. Chloral betaine.
10. Chloral hydrate.
11. Chlordiazepoxide.
12. Clobazam.
13. Clonazepam.
14. Clorazepate.
15. Clotiazepam.
16. Cloxazolam.
17. Dexfenfluramine.
18. Delorazepam.
19. Dichloralphenazone.
20. Diazepam.
21. Diethylpropion.
22. Eluxadoline.
23. Estazolam.
24. Eszopiclone.
25. Ethchlorvynol.
26. Ethinamate.
27. Ethyl loflazepate.
28. Fencamfamin.
129. Fenfluramine.
30. Fenproporex.
31. Fludiazepam.
32. Flurazepam.
33. Fospropofol.
34. Halazepam.
35. Haloxazolam.
36. Ketazolam.
37. Loprazolam.
38. Lorazepam.
39. Lorcaserin.
40. Lormetazepam.
41. Mazindol.
42. Mebutamate.
43. Medazepam.
44. Mefenorex.
45. Meprobamate.
46. Methohexital.
47. Methylphenobarbital.
48. Midazolam.
49. Modafinil.
50. Nimetazepam.
51. Nitrazepam.
52. Nordiazepam.
53. Oxazepam.
54. Oxazolam.
55. Paraldehyde.
56. Pemoline.
57. Pentazocine.
58. Petrichloral.
59. Phenobarbital.
60. Phentermine.
61. Pinazepam.
62. Pipradrol.
63. Prazepam.
64. Propoxyphene (dosage forms).
65. Propylhexedrine, excluding any patent or proprietary preparation containing propylhexedrine, unless otherwise provided by federal law.
66. Quazepam.
67. Sibutramine.
68. SPA[(-)-1 dimethylamino-1, 2
diphenylethane].
69. Suvorexant.
70. Temazepam.
71. Tetrazepam.
72. Tramadol.
73. Triazolam.
74. Zaleplon.
75. Zolpidem.
76. Zopiclone.
77. Not more than 1 milligram of difenoxin and not less than 25 micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage unit.
(5) SCHEDULE V.—A substance, compound, mixture, or preparation of a substance in Schedule V has a low potential for abuse relative to the substances in Schedule IV and has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and abuse of such compound, mixture, or preparation may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to the substances in Schedule IV.
(a) Substances controlled in Schedule V include any compound, mixture, or preparation containing any of the following limited quantities of controlled substances, which must include one or more active medicinal ingredients that are not controlled substances in sufficient proportion to confer upon the compound, mixture, or preparation valuable medicinal qualities other than those possessed by the controlled substance alone:
1. Not more than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams.
2. Not more than 100 milligrams of dihydrocodeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams.
3. Not more than 100 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams.
4. Not more than 2.5 milligrams of diphenoxylate and not less than 25 micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage unit.
5. Not more than 100 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams.
6. Not more than 0.5 milligrams of difenoxin and not less than 25 micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage unit.
(b) Unless a specific exception exists or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances is controlled in Schedule V:
1. Brivaracetam.
2. Ezogabine.
3. Lacosamide.
4. Pregabalin.
(c) Stimulants. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a stimulant effect on the central nervous system, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers: Pyrovalerone.
History.—s. 3, ch. 73-331; s. 247, ch. 77-104; s. 1, ch. 77-174; ss. 1, 2, ch. 78-195; s. 2, ch. 79-325; s. 1, ch. 80-353; s. 1, ch. 82-16; s. 1, ch. 84-89; s. 2, ch. 85-242; s. 1, ch. 86-147; s. 2, ch. 87-243; s. 1, ch. 87-299; s. 1, ch. 88-59; s. 3, ch. 89-281; s. 54, ch. 92-69; s. 1, ch. 93-92; s. 4, ch. 95-415; s. 1, ch. 96-360; ss. 1, 5, ch. 97-1; s. 96, ch. 97-264; s. 1, ch. 99-186; s. 2, ch. 2000-320; s. 1, ch. 2001-55; s. 5, ch. 2001-57; s. 1, ch. 2002-78; s. 2, ch. 2003-10; s. 1, ch. 2008-88; s. 2, ch. 2011-73; s. 1, ch. 2011-90; s. 1, ch. 2012-23; s. 1, ch. 2013-29; s. 1, ch. 2014-159; s. 1, ch. 2015-34; s. 2, ch. 2016-105; s. 4, ch. 2017-107; s. 1, ch. 2017-110; s. 8, ch. 2018-13; s. 2, ch. 2019-166; s. 1, ch. 2021-154.
1Note.—Section 1, ch. 97-1, added paragraph (4)(w) listing fenfluramine. Section 5, ch. 97-1, repealed paragraph (4)(w) effective upon the removal of fenfluramine from the schedules of controlled substances in 21 C.F.R. s. 1308. Paragraph (4)(w) was redesignated as subparagraph (4)(b)29. by s. 8, ch. 2018-3. The Drug Enforcement Administration of the United States Department of Justice filed a proposed final rule removing fenfluramine from the schedules, see 62 F.R. 24620, May 6, 1997.
893.0301 Death resulting from apparent drug overdose; reporting requirements.—If a person dies of an apparent drug overdose:
(1) A law enforcement agency shall prepare a report identifying each prescribed controlled substance listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, or Schedule IV of s. 893.03 which is found on or near the deceased or among the deceased’s possessions. The report must identify the person who prescribed the controlled substance, if known or ascertainable. Thereafter, the law enforcement agency shall submit a copy of the report to the medical examiner.
(2) A medical examiner who is preparing a report pursuant to s. 406.11 shall include in the report information identifying each prescribed controlled substance listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, or Schedule IV of s. 893.03 that was found in, on, or near the deceased or among the deceased’s possessions.
History.—s. 6, ch. 2007-156; s. 28, ch. 2016-105.
893.031 Industrial exceptions to controlled substance scheduling.—
(1) For the purpose of this section, the following meanings of terms shall apply:
(a) “Manufacture” means any process or operation necessary for manufacturing a product.
(b) “Distribution” means any process or operation necessary for distributing a product, including, but not limited to, wholesaling, delivery or transport, and storage.
(c) “Manufacturer of 1,4-Butanediol” means a person who is involved in the manufacture of 1,4-Butanediol for use in the manufacture of an industrial product and who provides that manufactured 1,4-Butanediol to a distributor of 1,4-Butanediol or a manufacturer of an industrial product.
(d) “Distributor of 1,4-Butanediol” means a person who is involved in the distribution of 1,4-Butanediol.
(e) “Manufacturer of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)” means a person who:
1. Is involved in the manufacture of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) for use in the manufacture of an industrial product and who provides that manufactured gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) to a distributor of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or a manufacturer of an industrial product; and
2. Is in compliance with any requirements to register with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration as a List I Chemical registrant.
(f) “Distributor of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)” means a person who:
1. Is involved in the distribution of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL); and
2. Is in compliance with any requirements to register with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration as a List I Chemical registrant.
(g) “Manufacturer of an industrial product” means a person who is involved in the manufacture of an industrial product in which that person acquires:
1. 1,4-Butanediol from a manufacturer of 1,4-Butanediol or a distributor of 1,4-Butanediol and who possesses that substance for use in the manufacture of an industrial product; or
2. Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) from a manufacturer of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or a distributor of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and who possesses that substance for use in the manufacture of an industrial product.
(h) “Distributor of an industrial product” means a person who is involved in the distribution of an industrial product.
(i) “Industrial product” means a nondrug, noncontrolled finished product that is not for human consumption.
(j) “Finished product” means a product:
1. That does not contain either 1,4-Butanediol or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL); or
2. From which neither 1,4-Butanediol nor gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) can be readily extracted or readily synthesized and which is not sold for human consumption.
(2) 1,4-Butanediol is excepted from scheduling pursuant to s. 893.03(1)(d)1. when that substance is in the possession of:
(a) A manufacturer of 1,4-Butanediol or a distributor of 1,4-Butanediol;
(b) A manufacturer of an industrial product or a distributor of an industrial product; or
(c) A person possessing a finished product.
(3) Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) is excepted from scheduling pursuant to s. 893.03(1)(d)2. when that substance is in the possession of:
(a) A manufacturer of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or a distributor of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL);
(b) A manufacturer of an industrial product or a distributor of an industrial product; or
(c) A person possessing a finished product.
(4) This section does not apply to:
(a) A manufacturer of 1,4-Butanediol or a distributor of 1,4-Butanediol who sells, delivers, or otherwise distributes that substance to a person who is not a distributor of 1,4-Butanediol or a manufacturer of an industrial product;
(b) A manufacturer of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or a distributor of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) who sells, delivers, or otherwise distributes that substance to a person who is not a distributor of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or a manufacturer of an industrial product;
(c) A person who possesses 1,4-Butanediol but who is not a manufacturer of 1,4-Butanediol, a distributor of 1,4-Butanediol, a manufacturer of an industrial product, a distributor of an industrial product, or a person possessing a finished product as described in paragraph (2)(c) or paragraph (3)(c);
(d) A person who possesses gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) but who is not a manufacturer of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), a distributor of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), a manufacturer of an industrial product, a distributor of an industrial product, or a person possessing a finished product as described in paragraph (2)(c) or paragraph (3)(c);
(e) A person who extracts or synthesizes either 1,4-Butanediol or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) from a finished product as described in subparagraph(1)(j)2. or a person who extracts or synthesizes 1,4-Butanediol or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) from any product or material, unless such extraction or synthesis is authorized by law; or
(f) A person whose possession of either 1,4-Butanediol or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) is not in compliance with the requirements of this section or whose possession of either of those substances is not specifically authorized by law.
History.—s. 1, ch. 2003-10.
893.033 Listed chemicals.—The chemicals listed in this section are included by whatever official, common, usual, chemical, or trade name designated.
(1) PRECURSOR CHEMICALS.—The term “listed precursor chemical” means a chemical that may be used in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of this chapter and is critical to the creation of the controlled substance, and such term includes any salt, optical isomer, or salt of an optical isomer, whenever the existence of such salt, optical isomer, or salt of optical isomer is possible within the specific chemical designation. The following are “listed precursor chemicals”:
(a) Anthranilic acid.
(b) Benzaldehyde.
(c) Benzyl cyanide.
(d) Chloroephedrine.
(e) Chloropseudoephedrine.
(f) Ephedrine.
(g) Ergonovine.
(h) Ergotamine.
(i) Ergocristine.
(j) Ethylamine.
(k) Iodine tincture above 2.2 percent.
(l) Isosafrole.
(m) Methylamine.
(n) 3, 4-Methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone.
(o) N-Acetylanthranilic acid.
(p) N-Ethylephedrine.
(q) N-Ethylpseudoephedrine.
(r) N-Methylephedrine.
(s) N-Methylpseudoephedrine.
(t) ANPP (4-Anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidine).
(u) NPP (N-Phenethyl-4-piperidone).
(v) Nitroethane.
(w) Norpseudoephedrine.
(x) Phenylacetic acid.
(y) Phenylpropanolamine.
(z) Piperidine.
(aa) Piperonal.
(bb) Propionic anhydride.
(cc) Pseudoephedrine.
(dd) Safrole.
(2) ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS.—The term “listed essential chemical” means a chemical that may be used as a solvent, reagent, or catalyst in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of this chapter. The following are “listed essential chemicals”:
(a) Acetic anhydride.
(b) Acetone.
(c) Ammonium salts, including, but not limited to, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, or chloride.
(d) Anhydrous ammonia.
(e) Benzoquinone.
(f) Benzyl chloride.
(g) 2-Butanone.
(h) Ethyl ether.
(i) Formic acid.
(j) Hydrochloric acid.
(k) Hydriodic acid.
(l) Iodine.
(m) Lithium.
(n) Organic solvents, including, but not limited to, Coleman Fuel, camping fuel, ether, toluene, or lighter fluid.
(o) Organic cosolvents, including, but not limited to, glycerol, propylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol.
(p) Potassium dichromate.
(q) Potassium permanganate.
(r) Sodium.
(s) Sodium dichromate.
(t) Sodium borohydride.
(u) Sodium cyanoborohydride.
(v) Sodium hydroxide.
(w) Sulfuric acid.
History.—s. 2, ch. 91-279; s. 6, ch. 2001-57; s. 2, ch. 2003-15; s. 1, ch. 2005-128; s. 3, ch. 2016-105.
893.035 Control of new substances; findings of fact; delegation of authority to Attorney General to control substances by rule.—
(1)(a) New substances are being created which are not controlled under the provisions of this chapter but which have a potential for abuse similar to or greater than that for substances controlled under this chapter. These new substances are sometimes called “designer drugs” because they can be designed to produce a desired pharmacological effect and to evade the controlling statutory provisions. Designer drugs are being manufactured, distributed, possessed, and used as substitutes for controlled substances.
(b) The hazards attributable to the traffic in and use of these designer drugs are increased because their unregulated manufacture produces variations in purity and concentration.
(c) Many such new substances are untested, and it cannot be immediately determined whether they have useful medical or chemical purposes.
(d) The uncontrolled importation, manufacture, distribution, possession, or use of these designer drugs has a substantial and detrimental impact on the health and safety of the people of Florida.
(e) These designer drugs can be created more rapidly than they can be identified and controlled by action of the Legislature. There is a need for a speedy and expert administrative determination of their proper classification under this chapter. It is therefore necessary to delegate to an administrative agency restricted authority to identify and classify new substances that have a potential for abuse, so that they can be controlled in the same manner as other substances currently controlled under this chapter.
(2) The Attorney General shall apply the provisions of this section to any substance not currently controlled under the provisions of s. 893.03. The Attorney General may by rule:
(a) Add a substance to a schedule established by s. 893.03, or transfer a substance between schedules, if he or she finds that it has a potential for abuse and he or she makes with respect to it the other findings appropriate for classification in the particular schedule under s. 893.03 in which it is to be placed.
(b) Remove a substance previously added to a schedule if he or she finds the substance does not meet the requirements for inclusion in that schedule.

Rules adopted under this section shall be made pursuant to the rulemaking procedures prescribed by chapter 120.

(3)(a) The term “potential for abuse” in this section means that a substance has properties as a central nervous system stimulant or depressant or a hallucinogen that create a substantial likelihood of its being:
1. Used in amounts that create a hazard to the user’s health or the safety of the community;
2. Diverted from legal channels and distributed through illegal channels; or
3. Taken on the user’s own initiative rather than on the basis of professional medical advice.

Proof of potential for abuse can be based upon a showing that these activities are already taking place, or upon a showing that the nature and properties of the substance make it reasonable to assume that there is a substantial likelihood that such activities will take place, in other than isolated or occasional instances.

(b) The terms “immediate precursor” and “narcotic drug” shall be given the same meanings as provided by s. 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 21 U.S.C. s. 802, as amended and in effect on April 1, 1985.
(4) In making any findings under this section, the Attorney General shall consider the following factors with respect to each substance proposed to be controlled or removed from control:
(a) Its actual or relative potential for abuse.
(b) Scientific evidence of its pharmacological effect, if known.
(c) The state of current scientific knowledge regarding the drug or other substance.
(d) Its history and current pattern of abuse.
(e) The scope, duration, and significance of abuse.
(f) What, if any, risk there is to the public health.
(g) Its psychic or physiological dependence liability.
(h) Whether the substance is an immediate precursor of a substance already controlled under this chapter.

The findings and conclusions of the United States Attorney General or his or her delegee, as set forth in the Federal Register, with respect to any substance pursuant to s. 201 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 21 U.S.C. s. 811, as amended and in effect on April 1, 1985, shall be admissible as evidence in any rulemaking proceeding under this section, including an emergency rulemaking proceeding under subsection (7).

(5) Before initiating proceedings under subsection (2), the Attorney General shall request from the Department of Health and the Department of Law Enforcement a medical and scientific evaluation of the substance under consideration and a recommendation as to the appropriate classification, if any, of such substance as a controlled substance. In responding to this request, the Department of Health and the Department of Law Enforcement shall consider the factors listed in subsection (4). The Department of Health and the Department of Law Enforcement shall respond to this request promptly and in writing; however, their response is not subject to chapter 120. If both the Department of Health and the Department of Law Enforcement recommend that a substance not be controlled, the Attorney General shall not control that substance. If the Attorney General determines, based on the evaluations and recommendations of the Department of Health and the Department of Law Enforcement and all other available evidence, that there is substantial evidence of potential for abuse, he or she shall initiate proceedings under paragraph (2)(a) with respect to that substance.
(6)(a) The Attorney General shall by rule exempt any nonnarcotic substance controlled by rule under this section from the application of this section if such substance may, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, be lawfully sold over the counter without a prescription.
(b) The Attorney General may by rule exempt any compound, mixture, or preparation containing a substance controlled by rule under this section from the application of this section if he or she finds that such compound, mixture, or preparation meets the requirements of either of the following subcategories:
1. A mixture or preparation containing a nonnarcotic substance controlled by rule, which mixture or preparation is approved for prescription use and which contains one or more other active ingredients which are not listed in any schedule and which are included therein in such combinations, quantity, proportion, or concentration as to vitiate the potential for abuse.
2. A compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any substance controlled by rule, which is not for administration to a human being or animal, and which is packaged in such form or concentration, or with adulterants or denaturants, so that as packaged it does not present any significant potential for abuse.
(7)(a) If the Attorney General finds that the scheduling of a substance in Schedule I of s. 893.03 on a temporary basis is necessary to avoid an imminent hazard to the public safety, he or she may by rule and without regard to the requirements of subsection (5) relating to the Department of Health and the Department of Law Enforcement schedule such substance in Schedule I if the substance is not listed in any other schedule of s. 893.03. The Attorney General shall be required to consider, with respect to his or her finding of imminent hazard to the public safety, only those factors set forth in paragraphs (3)(a) and (4)(d), (e), and (f), including actual abuse, diversion from legitimate channels, and clandestine importation, manufacture, or distribution.
(b) The Attorney General may use emergency rulemaking provisions under s. 120.54(4) in scheduling substances under this subsection. Notwithstanding the provisions of s. 120.54(4)(c), any rule adopted under this subsection shall not expire except as provided in subsection (9).
(8)(a) Upon the effective date of a rule adopted pursuant to this section adding or transferring a substance to a schedule under s. 893.03, such substance shall be deemed included in that schedule, and all provisions of this chapter applicable to substances in that schedule shall be deemed applicable to such substance.
(b) A rule adopted pursuant to this section shall continue in effect until it is repealed; until it is declared invalid in proceedings under s. 120.56 or in proceedings before a court of competent jurisdiction; or until it expires under the provisions of subsection (9).
(9) The Attorney General shall report to the Legislature by March 1 of each year concerning the rules adopted under this section during the previous year. Each rule so reported shall expire on the following June 30 unless the Legislature adopts the provisions thereof as an amendment to this chapter.
(10) The repeal, expiration, or determination of invalidity of any rule shall not operate to create any claim or cause of action against any law enforcement officer or other enforcing authority for actions taken in good faith in reliance on the validity of the rule.
(11) In construing this section, due consideration and great weight should be given to interpretations of the United States Attorney General and the federal courts relating to s. 201 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 21 U.S.C. s. 811, as amended and in effect on April 1, 1985. All substantive rules adopted under this part shall not be inconsistent with the rules of the United States Attorney General and the decisions of the federal courts interpreting the provisions of s. 201 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 21 U.S.C. s. 811, as amended and in effect on April 1, 1985.
(12) The adoption of a rule transferring a substance from one schedule to another or removing a substance from a schedule pursuant to this section shall not affect prosecution or punishment for any crime previously committed with respect to that substance.
History.—s. 3, ch. 85-242; s. 72, ch. 87-226; s. 255, ch. 94-218; s. 318, ch. 96-410; s. 1826, ch. 97-102; s. 16, ch. 99-186; s. 29, ch. 2016-105.
893.0355 Control of scheduled substances; delegation of authority to Attorney General to reschedule substance, or delete substance, by rule.—
(1) The Legislature has determined that, from time to time, additional testings, approvals, or scientific evidence may indicate that controlled substances listed in Schedules I, II, III, IV, and V hereof have a greater potential for beneficial medical use in treatment in the United States than was evident when such substances were initially scheduled. It is the intent of the Legislature to quickly provide a method for an immediate change to the scheduling and control of such substances to allow for the beneficial medical use thereof so that more flexibility will be available than is possible through rescheduling legislatively.
(2) The Attorney General is hereby delegated the authority to adopt rules rescheduling specified substances to a less controlled schedule, or deleting specified substances from a schedule, upon a finding that reduced control of such substances is in the public interest. In determining whether reduced control of a substance is in the public interest, the Attorney General shall consider the following:
(a) Whether the substance has been rescheduled or deleted from any schedule by rule adopted by the United States Attorney General pursuant to s. 201 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 21 U.S.C. s. 811.
(b) The substance’s actual or relative potential for abuse.
(c) Scientific evidence of the substance’s pharmacological effect, if known.
(d) The state of current scientific knowledge regarding the substance.
(e) The substance’s history and current pattern of abuse.
(f) The scope, duration, and significance of abuse.
(g) What, if any, risk there is to the public health.
(h) The substance’s psychic or physiological dependence liability.
(3) In making the public interest determination, the Attorney General shall give great weight to the scheduling rules adopted by the United States Attorney General subsequent to such substances being listed in Schedules I, II, III, IV, and V hereof, to achieve the original legislative purpose of the Florida Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of maintaining uniformity between the laws of Florida and the laws of the United States with respect to controlled substances.
(4) Rulemaking under this section shall be in accordance with the procedural requirements of chapter 120, including the emergency rule provisions found in s. 120.54, except that s. 120.54(7) does not apply.
(5) Upon the effective date of a rule adopted pursuant to this section, the rule’s rescheduling or deletion of a substance shall be effective for all purposes under this chapter.
(6) Rules adopted pursuant to this section shall be reviewed each year by the Legislature. Each rule shall remain in effect until the effective date of legislation that provides for a different scheduling of a substance than that set forth in such rule.
(7) The adoption of a rule rescheduling a substance or deleting a substance from control pursuant to this section shall not affect prosecution or punishment for any crime previously committed with respect to that substance.
(8) The provisions of this section apply only to substances controlled expressly by statute and not to substances controlled by rules adopted under the authority granted in the provisions of s. 893.035.
History.—s. 4, ch. 85-242; s. 1435, ch. 97-102; s. 2, ch. 2013-29.
893.0356 Control of new substances; findings of fact; “controlled substance analog” defined.—
(1)(a) New substances are being created which are not controlled under the provisions of this chapter but which have a potential for abuse similar to or greater than that for substances controlled under this chapter. These new substances are called “controlled substance analogs,” and can be designed to produce a desired pharmacological effect and to evade the controlling statutory provisions. Controlled substance analogs are being manufactured, distributed, possessed, and used as substitutes for controlled substances.
(b) The hazards attributable to the traffic in and use of controlled substance analogs are increased because their unregulated manufacture produces variations in purity and concentration.
(c) Many such new substances are untested, and it cannot be immediately determined whether they have useful medical or chemical purposes.
(d) The uncontrolled importation, manufacture, distribution, possession, or use of controlled substance analogs has a substantial and detrimental impact on the health and safety of the people of Florida.
(e) Controlled substance analogs can be created more rapidly than they can be identified and controlled by action of the Legislature. There is a need for a speedy determination of their proper classification under this chapter. It is therefore necessary to identify and classify new substances that have a potential for abuse, so that they can be controlled in the same manner as other substances currently controlled under this chapter.
(2)(a) As used in this section, “controlled substance analog” means a substance which, due to its chemical structure and potential for abuse, meets the following criteria:
1. Is substantially similar to that of a controlled substance listed in Schedule I or Schedule II of s. 893.03; and
2. Has a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system or is represented or intended to have a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system substantially similar to or greater than that of a controlled substance listed in Schedule I or Schedule II of s. 893.03.
(b) “Controlled substance analog” does not include:
1. A controlled substance;
2. Any substance for which there is an approved new drug application;
3. Any compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any controlled substance which is not for administration to a human being or animal, and which is packaged in such form or concentration, or with adulterants or denaturants, so that as packaged it does not present any significant potential for abuse; or
4. Any substance to which an investigational exemption applies under s. 505 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. 355, but only to the extent that conduct with respect to the substance is pursuant to such exemption.
(3) As used in this section, the term “substantially similar,” as the term applies to the chemical structure of a substance, means that the chemical structure of the substance compared to the structure of a controlled substance has a single difference in the structural formula that substitutes one atom or functional group for another, including, but not limited to, one halogen for another halogen, one hydrogen for a halogen or vice versa, an alkyl group added or deleted as a side chain to or from a molecule, or an alkyl group added or deleted from a side chain of a molecule.
(4) The following factors shall be relevant to a finding that a substance is a controlled substance analog within the purview of this section:
(a) Its actual or relative potential for abuse.
(b) Scientific evidence of its pharmacological effect, if known.
(c) The state of current scientific knowledge regarding the substance.
(d) Its history and current pattern of abuse.
(e) The scope, duration, and significance of abuse.
(f) What, if any, risk there is to the public health.
(g) Its psychic or physiological dependence liability.
(h) Its diversion from legitimate channels, and clandestine importation, manufacture, or distribution.
(i) Whether the substance is an immediate precursor of a substance already controlled under this chapter.
(j) Comparisons to the accepted methods of marketing, distribution, and sales of the substance and that which the substance is purported to be, including, but not limited to:
1. The difference in price at which the substance is sold and the price at which the substance it is purported to be or advertised as is normally sold;
2. The difference in how the substance is imported, manufactured, or distributed compared to how the substance it is purported to be or advertised as is normally imported, manufactured, or distributed;
3. The difference in the appearance of the substance in overall finished dosage form compared to the substance it is purported to be or advertised as normally appears in overall finished dosage form; and
4. The difference in how the substance is labeled for sale, packaged for sale, or the method of sale, including, but not limited to, the placement of the substance in an area commonly viewable to the public for purchase consideration compared to how the substance it is purported to be or advertised as is normally labeled for sale, packaged for sale, or sold to the public.
(5) A controlled substance analog shall, for purposes of drug abuse prevention and control, be treated as the highest scheduled controlled substance of which it is a controlled substance analog in s. 893.03.
(6) In construing this section, due consideration and great weight should be given to interpretations of the United States Attorney General and the federal courts relating to s. 201 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 21 U.S.C. s. 811, as amended and in effect on April 1, 1985. New substances controlled under this section shall not be treated in a manner inconsistent with the rules of the United States Attorney General and the decisions of the federal courts interpreting the provisions of s. 201 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, 21 U.S.C. s. 811, as amended and in effect on April 1, 1985.
(7) The treatment of a new substance as a controlled substance pursuant to this section shall not affect prosecution or punishment for any crime previously committed with respect to that substance.
History.—s. 3, ch. 87-243; s. 11, ch. 99-186; s. 20, ch. 2000-320; s. 10, ch. 2015-34; s. 4, ch. 2016-105; s. 48, ch. 2017-3.
893.04 Pharmacist and practitioner.—
(1) A pharmacist, in good faith and in the course of professional practice only, may dispense controlled substances upon a written, oral, or electronic prescription of a practitioner, under the following conditions:
(a) Oral prescriptions must be promptly reduced to writing by the pharmacist or recorded electronically if permitted by federal law.
(b) The written prescription must be dated and signed by the prescribing practitioner on the day when issued.
(c) There shall appear on the face of the prescription or written record thereof for the controlled substance the following information:
1. The full name and address of the person for whom, or the owner of the animal for which, the controlled substance is dispensed.
2. The full name and address of the prescribing practitioner and the practitioner’s federal controlled substance registry number shall be printed thereon.
3. If the prescription is for an animal, the species of animal for which the controlled substance is prescribed.
4. The name of the controlled substance prescribed and the strength, quantity, and directions for use thereof.
5. The number of the prescription, as recorded in the prescription files of the pharmacy in which it is filled.
6. The initials of the pharmacist filling the prescription and the date filled.
(d) The prescription shall be retained on file by the proprietor of the pharmacy in which it is filled for a period of 2 years.
(e) Affixed to the original container in which a controlled substance is delivered upon a prescription or authorized refill thereof, as hereinafter provided, there shall be a label bearing the following information:
1. The name and address of the pharmacy from which such controlled substance was dispensed.
2. The date on which the prescription for such controlled substance was filled.
3. The number of such prescription, as recorded in the prescription files of the pharmacy in which it is filled.
4. The name of the prescribing practitioner.
5. The name of the patient for whom, or of the owner and species of the animal for which, the controlled substance is prescribed.
6. The directions for the use of the controlled substance prescribed in the prescription.
7. A clear, concise warning that it is a crime to transfer the controlled substance to any person other than the patient for whom prescribed.
(f) A prescription for a controlled substance listed in Schedule II may be dispensed only upon a written or electronic prescription of a practitioner, except that in an emergency situation, as defined by regulation of the Department of Health, such controlled substance may be dispensed upon oral prescription but is limited to a 72-hour supply. A prescription for a controlled substance listed in Schedule II may not be refilled.
(g) A prescription for a controlled substance listed in Schedule III, Schedule IV, or Schedule V may not be filled or refilled more than five times within a period of 6 months after the date on which the prescription was written unless the prescription is renewed by a practitioner.
(2)(a) A pharmacist may not dispense a controlled substance listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, or Schedule IV to any patient or patient’s agent without first determining, in the exercise of her or his professional judgment, that the prescription is valid. The pharmacist may dispense the controlled substance, in the exercise of her or his professional judgment, when the pharmacist or pharmacist’s agent has obtained satisfactory patient information from the patient or the patient’s agent.
(b) Any pharmacist who dispenses by mail a controlled substance listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, or Schedule IV is exempt from the requirement to obtain suitable identification for the prescription dispensed by mail if the pharmacist has obtained the patient’s identification through the patient’s prescription benefit plan.
(c) Any controlled substance listed in Schedule III or Schedule IV may be dispensed by a pharmacist upon an oral prescription if, before filling the prescription, the pharmacist reduces it to writing or records the prescription electronically if permitted by federal law. Such prescriptions must contain the date of the oral authorization.
(d) Each prescription written by a practitioner in this state for a controlled substance listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, or Schedule IV must include a written and a numerical notation of the quantity of the controlled substance prescribed and a notation of the date in numerical, month/day/year format, or with the abbreviated month written out, or the month written out in whole. A pharmacist may, upon verification by the prescriber, document any information required by this paragraph. If the prescriber is not available to verify a prescription, the pharmacist may dispense the controlled substance, but may insist that the person to whom the controlled substance is dispensed provide valid photographic identification. If a prescription includes a numerical notation of the quantity of the controlled substance or date, but does not include the quantity or date written out in textual format, the pharmacist may dispense the controlled substance without verification by the prescriber of the quantity or date if the pharmacy previously dispensed another prescription for the person to whom the prescription was written.
(e) A pharmacist may not dispense more than a 30-day supply of a controlled substance listed in Schedule III upon an oral prescription issued in this state.
(f) A pharmacist may not knowingly dispense a prescription that has been forged for a controlled substance listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, or Schedule IV.
(3) Notwithstanding subsection (1), a pharmacist may dispense a one-time emergency refill of up to a 72-hour supply of the prescribed medication for any medicinal drug other than a medicinal drug listed in Schedule II, or up to one vial of insulin to treat diabetes mellitus, in compliance with s. 465.0275.
(4) The legal owner of any stock of controlled substances in a pharmacy, upon discontinuance of dealing in controlled substances, may sell said stock to a manufacturer, wholesaler, or pharmacy. Such controlled substances may be sold only upon an order form, when such an order form is required for sale by the drug abuse laws of the United States or this state, or regulations pursuant thereto.
History.—s. 4, ch. 73-331; s. 2, ch. 75-18; s. 12, ch. 79-12; s. 2, ch. 90-2; s. 1436, ch. 97-102; s. 301, ch. 99-8; s. 2, ch. 2007-156; s. 5, ch. 2009-202; s. 5, ch. 2014-113; s. 6, ch. 2016-145; s. 35, ch. 2016-230; s. 9, ch. 2018-13.
893.05 Practitioners and persons administering controlled substances in their absence.—
(1)(a) A practitioner, in good faith and in the course of his or her professional practice only, may prescribe, administer, dispense, mix, or otherwise prepare a controlled substance, or the practitioner may cause the controlled substance to be administered by a licensed nurse or an intern practitioner under his or her direction and supervision only.
(b) Pursuant to s. 458.347(4)(g), s. 459.022(4)(f), or s. 464.012(3), as applicable, a practitioner who supervises a licensed physician assistant or advanced practice registered nurse may authorize the licensed physician assistant or advanced practice registered nurse to order controlled substances for administration to a patient in a facility licensed under chapter 395 or part II of chapter 400.
(c) A veterinarian may prescribe, administer, dispense, mix, or prepare a controlled substance for use on animals only, and may cause the controlled substance to be administered by an assistant or orderly under the veterinarian’s direction and supervision only.
(d) A certified optometrist licensed under chapter 463 may not administer or prescribe a controlled substance listed in Schedule I or Schedule II of s. 893.03.
(2) When any controlled substance is dispensed by a practitioner, there shall be affixed to the original container in which the controlled substance is delivered a label on which appears:
(a) The date of delivery.
(b) The directions for use of such controlled substance.
(c) The name and address of such practitioner.
(d) The name of the patient and, if such controlled substance is prescribed for an animal, a statement describing the species of the animal.
(e) A clear, concise warning that it is a crime to transfer the controlled substance to any person other than the patient for whom prescribed.
(3) Any person who obtains from a practitioner or the practitioner’s agent, or pursuant to prescription, any controlled substance for administration to a patient during the absence of such practitioner shall return to such practitioner any unused portion of such controlled substance when it is no longer required by the patient.
History.—s. 5, ch. 73-331; s. 1437, ch. 97-102; s. 13, ch. 2013-26; s. 11, ch. 2015-34; s. 30, ch. 2016-105; s. 7, ch. 2016-145; s. 84, ch. 2018-106.
893.055 Prescription drug monitoring program.—
(1) As used in this section, the term:
(a) “Active investigation” means an investigation that is being conducted with a reasonable, good faith belief that it could lead to the filing of administrative, civil, or criminal proceedings, or that is ongoing and continuing and for which there is a reasonable, good faith anticipation of securing an arrest or prosecution in the foreseeable future.
(b) “Administration” means the obtaining and giving of a single dose of a controlled substance by a legally authorized person to a patient for her or his consumption.
(c) “Controlled substance” means a controlled substance listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, Schedule IV, or Schedule V of s. 893.03 or 21 U.S.C. s. 812.
(d) “Dispense” means the transfer of possession of one or more doses of a controlled substance by a dispenser to the ultimate consumer or to his or her agent.
(e) “Dispenser” means a dispensing health care practitioner, pharmacy, or pharmacist licensed to dispense controlled substances in or into this state.
1(f) “Electronic health recordkeeping system” means an electronic or computer-based information system used by health care practitioners or providers to create, collect, store, manipulate, exchange, or make available personal health information for the delivery of patient care.
(g) “Health care practitioner” or “practitioner” means any practitioner licensed under chapter 458, chapter 459, chapter 461, chapter 463, chapter 464, chapter 465, or chapter 466.
(h) “Health care regulatory board” has the same meaning as in s. 456.001(1).
(i) “Law enforcement agency” means the Department of Law Enforcement, a sheriff’s office in this state, a police department in this state, or a law enforcement agency of the Federal Government which enforces the laws of this state or the United States relating to controlled substances and whose agents and officers are empowered by law to conduct criminal investigations and make arrests.
(j) “Pharmacy” includes a community pharmacy, an institutional pharmacy, a nuclear pharmacy, a special pharmacy, or an Internet pharmacy that is licensed by the department under chapter 465 and that dispenses or delivers controlled substances to an individual or address in this state.
(k) “Prescriber” means a prescribing physician, prescribing practitioner, or other prescribing health care practitioner authorized by the laws of this state to order controlled substances.
(l) “Program manager” means an employee of or a person contracted by the department who is designated to ensure the integrity of the prescription drug monitoring program in accordance with the requirements established in this section.
(2)(a) The department shall maintain an electronic system to collect and store controlled substance dispensing information and shall release the information as authorized in this section and s. 893.0551. The electronic system must:
1. Not infringe upon the legitimate prescribing or dispensing of a controlled substance by a prescriber or dispenser acting in good faith and in the course of professional practice.
2. Be consistent with standards of the American Society for Automation in Pharmacy.
3. Comply with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act as it pertains to protected health information, electronic protected health information, and all other relevant state and federal privacy and security laws and regulations.
4. Purge or cause to be purged information in the database that is more than 4 years old.
1(b) To protect personally identifiable information, the department shall assign a unique identifier to each patient for whom a record exists in the system. Such identifier may not identify or provide a reasonable basis to identify a patient by any person not authorized under this section to access personally identifiable information in the system.
(c) The department may collaborate with professional health care regulatory boards, appropriate organizations, and other state agencies to identify indicators of controlled substance abuse.
(3)(a) For each controlled substance dispensed to a patient in this state, the following information must be reported by the dispenser to the system as soon thereafter as possible but no later than the close of the next business day after the day the controlled substance is dispensed unless an extension or exemption is approved by the department:
1. The name of the prescribing practitioner, the practitioner’s federal Drug Enforcement Administration registration number, the practitioner’s National Provider Identification or other appropriate identifier, and the date of the prescription.
2. The date the prescription was filled and the method of payment, such as cash by an individual, insurance coverage through a third party, or Medicaid payment. This paragraph does not authorize the department to include individual credit card numbers or other account numbers in the system.
3. The full name, address, telephone number, and date of birth of the person for whom the prescription was written.
4. The name, national drug code, quantity, and strength of the controlled substance dispensed.
5. The full name, federal Drug Enforcement Administration registration number, State of Florida Department of Health issued pharmacy permit number, and address of the pharmacy or other location from which the controlled substance was dispensed. If the controlled substance was dispensed by a practitioner other than a pharmacist, the practitioner’s full name, address, federal Drug Enforcement Administration registration number, State of Florida Department of Health issued license number, and National Provider Identification.
6. Whether the drug was dispensed as an initial prescription or a refill, and the number of refills ordered.
7. The name of the individual picking up the controlled substance prescription and type and issuer of the identification provided.
8. Other appropriate identifying information as determined by department rule.
(b) The following acts of administration or dispensing are exempt from the reporting requirements of this subsection:
1. All acts of administration of a controlled substance.
2. The dispensing of a controlled substance in the health care system of the Department of Corrections.
3. The dispensing of a controlled substance to a person under the age of 16.
(4) The following persons must be provided direct access to information in the system:
(a) A prescriber or dispenser or his or her designee.
(b) An employee of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the United States Department of Defense, or the Indian Health Service who provides health care services pursuant to such employment and who has the authority to prescribe or dispense controlled substances shall have access to the information in the program’s system upon verification of employment.
(c) The program manager or designated program and support staff to administer the system.
1. In order to calculate performance measures pursuant to subsection (14), the program manager or program and support staff members who have been directed by the program manager to calculate performance measures may have direct access to information that contains no identifying information of any patient, physician, health care practitioner, prescriber, or dispenser.
2. The program manager or designated program and support staff must provide the department, upon request, data that does not contain patient, physician, health care practitioner, prescriber, or dispenser identifying information for public health care and safety initiatives purposes.
3. The program manager, upon determining a pattern consistent with the department’s rules established under subsection (16), may provide relevant information to the prescriber and dispenser.
4. The program manager, upon determining a pattern consistent with the rules established under subsection (16) and having cause to believe a violation of s. 893.13(7)(a)8., (8)(a), or (8)(b) has occurred, may provide relevant information to the applicable law enforcement agency.

The program manager and designated program and support staff must complete a level II background screening.

(5) The following entities may not directly access information in the system, but may request information from the program manager or designated program and support staff:
(a) The department and its health care regulatory boards, as appropriate, for investigations involving licensees authorized to prescribe or dispense controlled substances.
1(b) The Attorney General for:
1. Medicaid fraud cases involving prescribed controlled substances.
2. An active investigation or pending civil or criminal litigation involving prescribed controlled substances, other than Medicaid fraud cases, upon the granting of a petition or motion by a trial court which specifically identifies the active or pending matter. The Attorney General shall ensure that information obtained under this subparagraph is not used for any purpose other than the specific matter stated in the petition or motion. Notice to any party regarding such petition or motion is not required, except in cases of pending civil litigation. The trial court shall grant the petition or motion and authorize release of information when the information appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. The department may not release any patient information pursuant to this subparagraph other than the patient’s unique identifier assigned pursuant to paragraph (2)(b), year of birth, and the county, city, and zip code where the patient resides, consistent with the provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and its implementing regulations. The Attorney General shall maintain a log of each person with whom the information is shared to document the chain of custody, execute a confidentiality agreement or an agreement bound by a protective order with each such person, ensure that the information is maintained in a secure manner, and require each such person to return all information or certify its destruction under penalty of perjury to the Attorney General upon the final resolution of the matter for which the information was requested.
(c) A law enforcement agency during active investigations of potential criminal activity, fraud, or theft regarding prescribed controlled substances.
(d) A medical examiner when conducting an authorized investigation under s. 406.11, to determine the cause of death of an individual.
(e) An impaired practitioner consultant who is retained by the department under s. 456.076 to review the system information of an impaired practitioner program participant or a referral who has agreed to be evaluated or monitored through the program and who has separately agreed in writing to the consultant’s access to and review of such information.
(f) A patient or the legal guardian or designated health care surrogate of an incapacitated patient who submits a written and notarized request that includes the patient’s full name, address, phone number, date of birth, and a copy of a government-issued photo identification.
(6) The department may enter into one or more reciprocal agreements or contracts to share prescription drug monitoring information with other states, districts, territories, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the United States Department of Defense, or the Indian Health Service if the prescription drug monitoring programs of such other states, districts, territories, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the United States Department of Defense, or the Indian Health Service are compatible with the Florida program.
(a) In determining compatibility, the department shall consider:
1. The safeguards for privacy of patient records and the success of the program in protecting patient privacy.
2. The persons authorized to view the data collected by the program. Comparable entities and licensed health care practitioners in other states, districts, or territories of the United States; law enforcement agencies; the Attorney General’s Medicaid Fraud Control Unit; medical regulatory boards; the United States Department of Veterans Affairs; the United States Department of Defense; the Indian Health Service; and, as needed, management staff who have similar duties as management staff who work with the prescription drug monitoring program as authorized in s. 893.0551 are authorized access upon approval by the department.
3. The schedules of the controlled substances that are monitored by the program.
4. The data reported to or included in the program’s system.
5. Any implementing criteria deemed essential for a thorough comparison.
6. The costs and benefits to the state of sharing prescription information.
(b) The department shall assess the prescription drug monitoring program’s continued compatibility every 4 years with programs from other states, districts, territories, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the United States Department of Defense, or the Indian Health Service.
(c) Any agreements or contracts for sharing of prescription drug monitoring information between the department and other states, districts, territories, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the United States Department of Defense, or the Indian Health Service shall contain the same restrictions and requirements as this section or s. 893.0551, and the information must be provided according to the department’s determination of compatibility.
(7) The department may enter into agreements or contracts to establish secure connections between the system and a prescribing or dispensing health care practitioner’s electronic health recordkeeping system. The electronic health recordkeeping system owner or license holder will be responsible for ensuring that only authorized individuals have access to prescription drug monitoring program information.
(8) A prescriber or dispenser or a designee of a prescriber or dispenser must consult the system to review a patient’s controlled substance dispensing history before prescribing or dispensing a controlled substance for a patient age 16 or older. This requirement does not apply when prescribing or dispensing a nonopioid controlled substance listed in Schedule V of s. 893.03 or 21 U.S.C. 812 or prescribing or dispensing a controlled substance to a patient who has been admitted to hospice pursuant to s. 400.6095. For purposes of this subsection, a “nonopioid controlled substance” is a controlled substance that does not contain any amount of a substance listed as an opioid in s. 893.03 or 21 U.S.C. 812.
(a) The duty to consult the system does not apply when the system:
1. Is determined by the department to be nonoperational; or
2. Cannot be accessed by the prescriber or dispenser or a designee of the prescriber or dispenser because of a temporary technological or electrical failure.
(b) A prescriber or dispenser or designee of a prescriber or dispenser who does not consult the system under this subsection shall document the reason he or she did not consult the system in the patient’s medical record or prescription record and shall not prescribe or dispense greater than a 3-day supply of a controlled substance to the patient.
(c) The department shall issue a nondisciplinary citation to any prescriber or dispenser who fails to consult the system as required by this subsection for an initial offense. Each subsequent offense is subject to disciplinary action pursuant to s. 456.073.
(9) A person who willfully and knowingly fails to report the dispensing of a controlled substance as required by this section commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
1(10) Information in the prescription drug monitoring program’s system may be released only as provided in this section and s. 893.0551.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), the content of the system is intended to be informational only. Information in the system is not subject to discovery or introduction into evidence in any civil or administrative action against a prescriber, dispenser, pharmacy, or patient arising out of matters that are the subject of information in the system. The program manager and authorized persons who participate in preparing, reviewing, issuing, or any other activity related to management of the system may not be permitted or required to testify in any such civil or administrative action as to any findings, recommendations, evaluations, opinions, or other actions taken in connection with management of the system.
(b) The Attorney General may introduce information from the system released pursuant to subparagraph (5)(b)2. as evidence in a civil, criminal, or administrative action against a dispenser, manufacturer, or a pharmacy. The program manager and authorized persons who participate in preparing, reviewing, issuing, or any other activity related to the management of the system may testify for purposes of authenticating the records introduced into evidence pursuant to this paragraph.
(11) A prescriber or dispenser, or his or her designee, may have access to the information under this section which relates to a patient of that prescriber or dispenser as needed for the purpose of reviewing the patient’s controlled drug prescription history. A prescriber or dispenser acting in good faith is immune from any civil, criminal, or administrative liability that might otherwise be incurred or imposed for receiving or using information from the prescription drug monitoring program. This subsection does not create a private cause of action, and a person may not recover damages against a prescriber or dispenser authorized to access information under this subsection for accessing or failing to access such information.
(12)(a) All costs incurred by the department in administering the prescription drug monitoring program shall be funded through federal grants, private funding applied for or received by the state, or state funds appropriated in the General Appropriations Act. The department may not:
1. Commit funds for the monitoring program without ensuring funding is available; or
2. Use funds provided, directly or indirectly, by prescription drug manufacturers to implement the program.
(b) The department shall cooperate with the direct-support organization established under subsection (15) in seeking federal grant funds, other nonstate grant funds, gifts, donations, or other private moneys for the department if the costs of doing so are immaterial. Immaterial costs include, but are not limited to, the costs of mailing and personnel assigned to research or apply for a grant. The department may competitively procure and contract pursuant to s. 287.057 for any goods and services required by this section.
(13) The department shall conduct or participate in studies to examine the feasibility of enhancing the prescription drug monitoring program for the purposes of public health initiatives and statistical reporting. Such studies shall respect the privacy of the patient, the prescriber, and the dispenser. Such studies may be conducted by the department or a contracted vendor in order to:
(a) Improve the quality of health care services and safety by improving prescribing and dispensing practices for controlled substances;
(b) Take advantage of advances in technology;
(c) Reduce duplicative prescriptions and the overprescribing of controlled substances; and
(d) Reduce drug abuse.
(14) The department shall annually report on performance measures to the Governor, the President of the Senate, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives by December 1. Performance measures may include, but are not limited to, the following outcomes:
(a) Reduction of the rate of inappropriate use of controlled substances through department education and safety efforts.
(b) Reduction of the quantity of controlled substances obtained by individuals attempting to engage in fraud and deceit.
(c) Increased coordination among partners participating in the prescription drug monitoring program.
(d) Involvement of stakeholders in achieving improved patient health care and safety and reduction of controlled substance abuse and controlled substance diversion.
(15) The department may establish a direct-support organization to provide assistance, funding, and promotional support for the activities authorized for the prescription drug monitoring program.
(a) As used in this subsection, the term “direct-support organization” means an organization that is:
1. A Florida corporation not for profit incorporated under chapter 617, exempted from filing fees, and approved by the Department of State.
2. Organized and operated to conduct programs and activities; raise funds; request and receive grants, gifts, and bequests of money; acquire, receive, hold, and invest, in its own name, securities, funds, objects of value, or other property, either real or personal; and make expenditures or provide funding to or for the direct or indirect benefit of the department in the furtherance of the prescription drug monitoring program.
(b) The State Surgeon General shall appoint a board of directors for the direct-support organization.
1. The board of directors shall consist of no fewer than five members who shall serve at the pleasure of the State Surgeon General.
2. The State Surgeon General shall provide guidance to members of the board to ensure that moneys received by the direct-support organization are not received from inappropriate sources. Inappropriate sources include, but are not limited to, donors, grantors, persons, prescription drug manufacturers, or organizations that may monetarily or substantively benefit from the purchase of goods or services by the department in furtherance of the prescription drug monitoring program.
(c) The direct-support organization shall operate under written contract with the department. The contract must, at a minimum, provide for:
1. Approval of the articles of incorporation and bylaws of the direct-support organization by the department.
2. Submission of an annual budget for the approval of the department.
3. The reversion, without penalty, to the department’s grants and donations trust fund for the administration of the prescription drug monitoring program of all moneys and property held in trust by the direct-support organization for the benefit of the prescription drug monitoring program if the direct-support organization ceases to exist or if the contract is terminated.
4. The fiscal year of the direct-support organization, which must begin July 1 of each year and end June 30 of the following year.
5. The disclosure of the material provisions of the contract to donors of gifts, contributions, or bequests, including such disclosure on all promotional and fundraising publications, and an explanation to such donors of the distinction between the department and the direct-support organization.
6. The direct-support organization’s collecting, expending, and providing of funds to the department for the development, implementation, and operation of the prescription drug monitoring program as described in this section. The direct-support organization may collect and expend funds to be used for the functions of the direct-support organization’s board of directors, as necessary and approved by the department. In addition, the direct-support organization may collect and provide funding to the department in furtherance of the prescription drug monitoring program by:
a. Establishing and administering the prescription drug monitoring program’s electronic system, including hardware and software.
b. Conducting studies on the efficiency and effectiveness of the program to include feasibility studies as described in subsection (13).
c. Providing funds for future enhancements of the program within the intent of this section.
d. Providing user training of the prescription drug monitoring program, including distribution of materials to promote public awareness and education and conducting workshops or other meetings for health care practitioners, pharmacists, and others as appropriate.
e. Providing funds for travel expenses.
f. Providing funds for administrative costs, including personnel, audits, facilities, and equipment.
g. Fulfilling all other requirements necessary to implement and operate the program as outlined in this section.
7. Certification by the department that the direct-support organization is complying with the terms of the contract in a manner consistent with and in furtherance of the goals and purposes of the prescription drug monitoring program and in the best interests of the state. Such certification must be made annually and reported in the official minutes of a meeting of the direct-support organization.
(d) The activities of the direct-support organization must be consistent with the goals and mission of the department, as determined by the department, and in the best interests of the state. The direct-support organization must obtain written approval from the department for any activities in support of the prescription drug monitoring program before undertaking those activities.
(e) The direct-support organization shall provide for an independent annual financial audit in accordance with s. 215.981. Copies of the audit shall be provided to the department and the Office of Policy and Budget in the Executive Office of the Governor.
(f) The direct-support organization may not exercise any power under s. 617.0302(12) or (16).
(g) The direct-support organization is not considered a lobbying firm within the meaning of s. 11.045.
(h) The department may permit, without charge, appropriate use of administrative services, property, and facilities of the department by the direct-support organization, subject to this section. The use must be directly in keeping with the approved purposes of the direct-support organization and may not be made at times or places that would unreasonably interfere with opportunities for the public to use such facilities for established purposes. Any moneys received from rentals of facilities and properties managed by the department may be held in a separate depository account in the name of the direct-support organization and subject to the provisions of the letter of agreement with the department. The letter of agreement must provide that any funds held in the separate depository account in the name of the direct-support organization must revert to the department if the direct-support organization is no longer approved by the department to operate in the best interests of the state.
(i) The department may adopt rules under s. 120.54 to govern the use of administrative services, property, or facilities of the department or office by the direct-support organization.
(j) The department may not permit the use of any administrative services, property, or facilities of the state by a direct-support organization if that organization does not provide equal membership and employment opportunities to all persons regardless of race, color, religion, gender, age, or national origin.
(k) This subsection is repealed October 1, 2027, unless reviewed and saved from repeal by the Legislature.
(16) The department shall adopt rules necessary to implement this section.
History.—s. 1, ch. 2009-198; s. 41, ch. 2010-151; s. 12, ch. 2010-211; s. 50, ch. 2011-4; s. 23, ch. 2011-141; s. 86, ch. 2012-5; s. 11, ch. 2013-16; s. 14, ch. 2013-26; s. 21, ch. 2013-154; s. 167, ch. 2014-17; s. 26, ch. 2014-96; s. 32, ch. 2015-222; s. 55, ch. 2016-62; s. 31, ch. 2016-105; s. 1, ch. 2016-177; s. 14, ch. 2017-71; s. 1, ch. 2017-169; s. 1, ch. 2017-191; s. 1, ch. 2017-192; s. 21, ch. 2018-10; s. 10, ch. 2018-13; s. 25, ch. 2018-111; s. 105, ch. 2019-3; s. 1, ch. 2019-70; s. 32, ch. 2019-116; ss. 1, 3, ch. 2019-127; s. 22, ch. 2020-114; s. 25, ch. 2021-131; s. 32, ch. 2022-5.
1Note.—Section 3, ch. 2019-127, as amended by s. 25, ch. 2021-131, provides that “[t]he amendments to ss. 893.055 and 893.0551, Florida Statutes, made by this act shall stand repealed on June 30, 2023, unless reviewed and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature. If such amendments are not saved from repeal, the text of ss. 893.055 and 893.0551, Florida Statutes, shall revert to that in existence on June 30, 2019, except that any amendments to such text other than by this act shall be preserved and continue to operate to the extent that such amendments are not dependent upon the portions of text which expire pursuant to this section.” Effective June 30, 2023, paragraphs (1)(f) and (2)(b) are repealed, and paragraph (5)(b) and subsection (10), as amended by s. 3, ch. 2019-127, as amended by s. 25, ch. 2021-131, will read:

(b) The Attorney General for Medicaid fraud cases involving prescribed controlled substances.

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(10) Information in the prescription drug monitoring program’s system may be released only as provided in this section and s. 893.0551. The content of the system is intended to be informational only. Information in the system is not subject to discovery or introduction into evidence in any civil or administrative action against a prescriber, dispenser, pharmacy, or patient arising out of matters that are the subject of information in the system. The program manager and authorized persons who participate in preparing, reviewing, issuing, or any other activity related to management of the system may not be permitted or required to testify in any such civil or administrative action as to any findings, recommendations, evaluations, opinions, or other actions taken in connection with management of the system.

893.0551 Public records exemption for the prescription drug monitoring program.—
(1) For purposes of this section, the terms used in this section have the same meanings as provided in s. 893.055.
(2) The following information of a patient or patient’s agent, a health care practitioner, a dispenser, an employee of the practitioner who is acting on behalf of and at the direction of the practitioner, a pharmacist, or a pharmacy that is contained in records held by the department under s. 893.055 is confidential and exempt from s. 119.07(1) and s. 24(a), Art. I of the State Constitution:
(a) Name.
(b) Address.
(c) Telephone number.
(d) Insurance plan number.
(e) Government-issued identification number.
(f) Provider number.
(g) Drug Enforcement Administration number.
(h) Any other unique identifying information or number.
(3) The department shall disclose such information to the following persons or entities upon request and after using a verification process to ensure the legitimacy of the request as provided in s. 893.055:
(a) A health care practitioner, or his or her designee, who certifies that the information is necessary to provide medical treatment to a current patient in accordance with ss. 893.04, 893.05, and 893.055.
(b) An employee of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the United States Department of Defense, or the Indian Health Service who provides health care services pursuant to such employment and who has the authority to prescribe or dispense controlled substances shall have access to the information in the program’s system upon verification of such employment.
(c) The program manager and designated support staff for administration of the program, and to provide relevant information to the prescriber, dispenser, and appropriate law enforcement agencies, in accordance with s. 893.055.
(d) The department and its relevant health care regulatory boards for investigations involving licensees authorized to prescribe or dispense controlled substances. The department or health care regulatory board may request information from the program but may not have direct access to its system. The department may provide to a law enforcement agency pursuant to ss. 456.066 and 456.073 only information that is relevant to the specific controlled substances investigation that prompted the request for the information.
1(e) The Attorney General or his or her designee:
1. When working on Medicaid fraud cases involving prescribed controlled substances or when the Attorney General has initiated a review of specific identifiers of Medicaid fraud or specific identifiers that warrant a Medicaid investigation regarding prescribed controlled substances. The Attorney General’s Medicaid fraud investigators may not have direct access to the department’s system. The Attorney General or his or her designee may disclose to a criminal justice agency, as defined in s. 119.011, only the information received from the department that is relevant to an identified active investigation that prompted the request for the information.
2. Upon a court order authorizing the release of patient information under s. 893.055(5)(b)2.
(f) A law enforcement agency that has initiated an active investigation involving a specific violation of law regarding prescription drug abuse or diversion of prescribed controlled substances and that has entered into a user agreement with the department. A law enforcement agency may request information from the department but may not have direct access to its system. The law enforcement agency may disclose to a criminal justice agency, as defined in s. 119.011, only information received from the department that is relevant to an identified active investigation that prompted the request for such information.
(g) A district medical examiner or associate medical examiner, as described in s. 406.06, pursuant to his or her official duties, as required by s. 406.11, to determine the cause of death of an individual. Such medical examiners may request information from the department but may not have direct access to the system.
(h) An impaired practitioner consultant who has been authorized in writing by a participant in, or by a referral to, the impaired practitioner program to access and review information as provided in s. 893.055(5)(e).
(i) A patient or the legal guardian or designated health care surrogate for an incapacitated patient, if applicable, making a request as provided in s. 893.055(5)(f).
(4) If the department determines consistent with its rules that a pattern of controlled substance abuse exists, the department may disclose such confidential and exempt information to the applicable law enforcement agency in accordance with s. 893.055. The law enforcement agency may disclose to a criminal justice agency, as defined in s. 119.011, only information received from the department that is relevant to an identified active investigation that is specific to a violation of s. 893.13(7)(a)8., (8)(a), or (8)(b).
(5) Before disclosing information to a criminal justice agency or a law enforcement agency pursuant to this section, the disclosing person or entity must take steps to ensure the continued confidentiality of all information. At a minimum, these steps must include redacting any nonrelevant information.
1(6) An agency or person who obtains any information pursuant to this section must maintain the confidential and exempt status of that information and may not disclose such information unless authorized by law. Information shared with a state attorney pursuant to paragraph (3)(f) or with the Attorney General or his or her designee pursuant to subparagraph (3)(e)2. may be released only in response to a discovery demand if such information is directly related to the case for which the information was requested. Unrelated information may be released only upon an order of a court of competent jurisdiction.
(7) A person who willfully and knowingly violates this section commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.—s. 1, ch. 2009-197; s. 13, ch. 2010-211; s. 51, ch. 2011-4; s. 1, ch. 2014-156; s. 36, ch. 2016-145; s. 2, ch. 2016-177; s. 11, ch. 2018-13; s. 106, ch. 2019-3; ss. 2, 3, ch. 2019-127; s. 25, ch. 2021-131.
1Note.—Section 3, ch. 2019-127, as amended by s. 25, ch. 2021-131, provides that “[t]he amendments to ss. 893.055 and 893.0551, Florida Statutes, made by this act shall stand repealed on June 30, 2023, unless reviewed and saved from repeal through reenactment by the Legislature. If such amendments are not saved from repeal, the text of ss. 893.055 and 893.0551, Florida Statutes, shall revert to that in existence on June 30, 2019, except that any amendments to such text other than by this act shall be preserved and continue to operate to the extent that such amendments are not dependent upon the portions of text which expire pursuant to this section.” Effective June 30, 2023, paragraph (3)(e), as amended by s. 3, ch. 2019-127, as amended by s. 25, ch. 2021-131, and subsection (6), as amended by s. 106, ch. 2019-3, and s. 3, ch. 2019-127, as amended by s. 25, ch. 2021-131, will read:

(e) The Attorney General or his or her designee when working on Medicaid fraud cases involving prescribed controlled substances or when the Attorney General has initiated a review of specific identifiers of Medicaid fraud or specific identifiers that warrant a Medicaid investigation regarding prescribed controlled substances. The Attorney General’s Medicaid fraud investigators may not have direct access to the department’s system. The Attorney General or his or her designee may disclose to a criminal justice agency, as defined in s. 119.011, only the information received from the department that is relevant to an identified active investigation that prompted the request for the information.

* * * * *

(6) An agency or person who obtains any information pursuant to this section must maintain the confidential and exempt status of that information and may not disclose such information unless authorized by law. Information shared with a state attorney pursuant to paragraph (3)(e) or paragraph (3)(f) may be released only in response to a discovery demand if such information is directly related to the criminal case for which the information was requested. Unrelated information may be released only upon an order of a court of competent jurisdiction.

893.06 Distribution of controlled substances; order forms; labeling and packaging requirements.—
(1) Controlled substances in Schedules I and II shall be distributed by a duly licensed manufacturer, distributor, or wholesaler to a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, distributor, practitioner, pharmacy, as defined in chapter 465, hospital, or laboratory only pursuant to an order form. It shall be deemed a compliance with this subsection if the parties to the transaction have complied with federal law respecting the use of order forms.
(2) Possession or control of controlled substances obtained as authorized by this section shall be lawful if in the regular course of business, occupation, profession, employment, or duty.
(3) A person in charge of a hospital or laboratory or in the employ of this state or of any other state, or of any political subdivision thereof, and a master or other proper officer of a ship or aircraft, who obtains controlled substances under the provisions of this section or otherwise, shall not administer, dispense, or otherwise use such controlled substances within this state, except within the scope of her or his employment or official duty, and then only for scientific or medicinal purposes and subject to the provisions of this chapter.
(4) It shall be unlawful to distribute a controlled substance in a commercial container unless such container bears a label showing the name and address of the manufacturer, the quantity, kind, and form of controlled substance contained therein, and the identifying symbol for such substance, as required by federal law. No person except a pharmacist, for the purpose of dispensing a prescription, or a practitioner, for the purpose of dispensing a controlled substance to a patient, shall alter, deface, or remove any labels so affixed.
History.—s. 6, ch. 73-331; s. 1438, ch. 97-102.
893.065 Counterfeit-resistant prescription blanks for controlled substances listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, Schedule IV, or Schedule V.—The Department of Health shall develop and adopt by rule the form and content for a counterfeit-resistant prescription blank which must be used by practitioners for the purpose of prescribing a controlled substance listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, Schedule IV, or Schedule V pursuant to s. 456.42. The Department of Health may require the prescription blanks to be printed on distinctive, watermarked paper and to bear the preprinted name, address, and category of professional licensure of the practitioner and that practitioner’s federal registry number for controlled substances. The prescription blanks may not be transferred.
History.—s. 4, ch. 2007-156; s. 24, ch. 2011-141.
893.07 Records.—
(1) Every person who engages in the manufacture, compounding, mixing, cultivating, growing, or by any other process producing or preparing, or in the dispensing, importation, or, as a wholesaler, distribution, of controlled substances shall:
(a) On January 1, 1974, or as soon thereafter as any person first engages in such activity, and every second year thereafter, make a complete and accurate record of all stocks of controlled substances on hand. The inventory may be prepared on the regular physical inventory date which is nearest to, and does not vary by more than 6 months from, the biennial date that would otherwise apply. As additional substances are designated for control under this chapter, they shall be inventoried as provided for in this subsection.
(b) On and after January 1, 1974, maintain, on a current basis, a complete and accurate record of each substance manufactured, received, sold, delivered, or otherwise disposed of by him or her, except that this subsection shall not require the maintenance of a perpetual inventory.

Compliance with the provisions of federal law pertaining to the keeping of records of controlled substances shall be deemed a compliance with the requirements of this subsection.

(2) The record of controlled substances received shall in every case show:
(a) The date of receipt.
(b) The name and address of the person from whom received.
(c) The kind and quantity of controlled substances received.
(3) The record of all controlled substances sold, administered, dispensed, or otherwise disposed of shall show:
(a) The date of selling, administering, or dispensing.
(b) The correct name and address of the person to whom or for whose use, or the owner and species of animal for which, sold, administered, or dispensed.
(c) The kind and quantity of controlled substances sold, administered, or dispensed.
(4) Every inventory or record required by this chapter, including prescription records, shall be maintained:
(a) Separately from all other records of the registrant, or
(b) Alternatively, in the case of Schedule III, IV, or V controlled substances, in such form that information required by this chapter is readily retrievable from the ordinary business records of the registrant.

In either case, the records described in this subsection shall be kept and made available for a period of at least 2 years for inspection and copying by law enforcement officers whose duty it is to enforce the laws of this state relating to controlled substances. Law enforcement officers are not required to obtain a subpoena, court order, or search warrant in order to obtain access to or copies of such records.

(5) Each person described in subsection (1) shall:
(a) Maintain a record which shall contain a detailed list of controlled substances lost, destroyed, or stolen, if any; the kind and quantity of such controlled substances; and the date of the discovering of such loss, destruction, or theft.
(b) In the event of the discovery of the theft or significant loss of controlled substances, report such theft or significant loss to the sheriff of that county within 24 hours after discovery. A person who fails to report a theft or significant loss of a substance listed in s. 893.03(3), (4), or (5) within 24 hours after discovery as required in this paragraph commits a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. A person who fails to report a theft or significant loss of a substance listed in s. 893.03(2) within 24 hours after discovery as required in this paragraph commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
History.—s. 7, ch. 73-331; s. 1439, ch. 97-102; s. 25, ch. 2011-141; s. 32, ch. 2016-105; s. 5, ch. 2019-166.
893.08 Exceptions.—
(1) The following may be distributed at retail without a prescription, but only by a registered pharmacist:
(a) Any compound, mixture, or preparation described in Schedule V.
(b) Any compound, mixture, or preparation containing any depressant or stimulant substance described in s. 893.03(2)(a) or (c) except any amphetamine drug or sympathomimetic amine drug or compound designated as a Schedule II controlled substance pursuant to this chapter; in s. 893.03(3)(a); or in Schedule IV, if:
1. The compound, mixture, or preparation contains one or more active medicinal ingredients not having depressant or stimulant effect on the central nervous system, and
2. Such ingredients are included therein in such combinations, quantity, proportion, or concentration as to vitiate the potential for abuse of the controlled substances which do have a depressant or stimulant effect on the central nervous system.
(2) No compound, mixture, or preparation may be dispensed under subsection (1) unless such substance may, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, be lawfully sold at retail without a prescription.
(3) The exemptions authorized by this section shall be subject to the following conditions:
(a) The compounds, mixtures, and preparations referred to in subsection (1) may be dispensed to persons under age 18 only on prescription. A bound volume must be maintained as a record of sale at retail of excepted compounds, mixtures, and preparations, and the pharmacist must require suitable identification from every unknown purchaser.
(b) Such compounds, mixtures, and preparations shall be sold by the pharmacist in good faith as a medicine and not for the purpose of evading the provisions of this chapter. The pharmacist may, in his or her discretion, withhold sale to any person whom the pharmacist reasonably believes is attempting to purchase excepted compounds, mixtures, or preparations for the purpose of abuse.
(c) The total quantity of controlled substance listed in Schedule V which may be sold to any one purchaser within a given 48-hour period shall not exceed 120 milligrams of codeine, 60 milligrams dihydrocodeine, 30 milligrams of ethyl morphine, or 240 milligrams of opium.
(d) Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the kind and quantity of any controlled substance that may be prescribed, administered, or dispensed to any person, or for the use of any person or animal, when it is prescribed, administered, or dispensed in compliance with the general provisions of this chapter.
(4) The dextrorotatory isomer of 3-methoxy-n-methylmorphinan and its salts (dextromethorphan) shall not be deemed to be included in any schedule by reason of enactment of this chapter.
History.—s. 8, ch. 73-331; s. 1, ch. 77-174; s. 6, ch. 80-354; s. 4, ch. 89-281; s. 2, ch. 93-92; s. 1440, ch. 97-102; s. 105, ch. 97-264; s. 12, ch. 99-186.
893.09 Enforcement.—
(1) The Department of Law Enforcement, all state agencies which regulate professions or institutions affected by the provisions of this chapter, and all peace officers of the state shall enforce all provisions of this chapter except those specifically delegated, and shall cooperate with all agencies charged with the enforcement of the laws of the United States, this state, and all other states relating to controlled substances.
(2) Any agency authorized to enforce this chapter shall have the right to institute an action in its own name to enjoin the violation of any of the provisions of this chapter. Said action for an injunction shall be in addition to any other action, proceeding, or remedy authorized by law.
(3) All law enforcement officers whose duty it is to enforce this chapter shall have authority to administer oaths in connection with their official duties, and any person making a material false statement under oath before such law enforcement officers shall be deemed guilty of perjury and subject to the same punishment as prescribed for perjury.
(4) It shall be unlawful and punishable as provided in chapter 843 for any person to interfere with any such law enforcement officer in the performance of the officer’s official duties. It shall also be unlawful for any person falsely to represent himself or herself to be authorized to enforce the drug abuse laws of this state, the United States, or any other state.
(5) No civil or criminal liability shall be imposed by virtue of this chapter upon any person whose duty it is to enforce the provisions of this chapter, by reason of his or her being lawfully engaged in the enforcement of any law or municipal ordinance relating to controlled substances.
History.—s. 9, ch. 73-331; s. 1, ch. 77-174; s. 30, ch. 79-8; s. 1441, ch. 97-102.
893.10 Burden of proof; photograph or video recording of evidence.—
(1) It is not necessary for the state to negative any exemption or exception set forth in this chapter in any indictment, information, or other pleading or in any trial, hearing, or other proceeding under this chapter, and the burden of going forward with the evidence with respect to any exemption or exception is upon the person claiming its benefit.
(2) In the prosecution of an offense involving the manufacture of a controlled substance, a photograph or video recording of the manufacturing equipment used in committing the offense, including, but not limited to, grow lights, growing trays, and chemical fertilizers, may be introduced as competent evidence of the existence and use of the equipment and is admissible in the prosecution of the offense to the same extent as if the property were introduced as evidence.
(3) After a law enforcement agency documents the manufacturing equipment by photography or video recording, the manufacturing equipment may be destroyed on site and left in disrepair. The law enforcement agency destroying the equipment is immune from civil liability for the destruction of the equipment. The destruction of the equipment must be recorded by the supervising law enforcement officer in the manner described in s. 893.12(1)(a), and records must be maintained for 24 months.
History.—s. 10, ch. 73-331; s. 1442, ch. 97-102; s. 3, ch. 2008-184; s. 19, ch. 2010-117.
893.101 Legislative findings and intent.—
(1) The Legislature finds that the cases of Scott v. State, Slip Opinion No. SC94701 (Fla. 2002) and Chicone v. State, 684 So.2d 736 (Fla. 1996), holding that the state must prove that the defendant knew of the illicit nature of a controlled substance found in his or her actual or constructive possession, were contrary to legislative intent.
(2) The Legislature finds that knowledge of the illicit nature of a controlled substance is not an element of any offense under this chapter. Lack of knowledge of the illicit nature of a controlled substance is an affirmative defense to the offenses of this chapter.
(3) In those instances in which a defendant asserts the affirmative defense described in this section, the possession of a controlled substance, whether actual or constructive, shall give rise to a permissive presumption that the possessor knew of the illicit nature of the substance. It is the intent of the Legislature that, in those cases where such an affirmative defense is raised, the jury shall be instructed on the permissive presumption provided in this subsection.
History.—s. 1, ch. 2002-258.
893.105 Testing and destruction of seized substances.—
(1) Any controlled substance or listed chemical seized as evidence may be sample tested and weighed by the seizing agency after the seizure. Any such sample and the analysis thereof shall be admissible into evidence in any civil or criminal action for the purpose of proving the nature, composition, and weight of the substance seized. In addition, the seizing agency may photograph or videotape, for use at trial, the controlled substance or listed chemical seized.
(2) Controlled substances or listed chemicals that are not retained for sample testing as provided in subsection (1) may be destroyed pursuant to a court order issued in accordance with s. 893.12.
History.—s. 1, ch. 82-88; s. 3, ch. 91-279.
893.11 Suspension, revocation, and reinstatement of business and professional licenses.—For the purposes of s. 120.60(6), any conviction in any court reported to the Comprehensive Case Information System of the Florida Association of Court Clerks and Comptrollers, Inc., for the sale of, or trafficking in, a controlled substance or for conspiracy to sell, or traffic in, a controlled substance constitutes an immediate serious danger to the public health, safety, or welfare, and is grounds for disciplinary action by the licensing state agency. A state agency shall initiate an immediate emergency suspension of an individual professional license issued by the agency, in compliance with the procedures for summary suspensions in s. 120.60(6), upon the agency’s findings of the licensee’s conviction in any court reported to the Comprehensive Case Information System of the Florida Association of Court Clerks and Comptrollers, Inc., for the sale of, or trafficking in, a controlled substance, or for conspiracy to sell, or traffic in, a controlled substance. Before renewing any professional license, a state agency that issues a professional license must use the Comprehensive Case Information System of the Florida Association of Court Clerks and Comptrollers, Inc., to obtain information relating to any conviction for the sale of, or trafficking in, a controlled substance or for conspiracy to sell, or traffic in, a controlled substance. The clerk of court shall provide electronic access to each state agency at no cost and also provide certified copies of the judgment upon request to the agency. Upon a showing by any such convicted defendant whose professional license has been suspended or revoked pursuant to this section that his or her civil rights have been restored or upon a showing that the convicted defendant meets the following criteria, the agency head may reinstate or reactivate such license when:
(1) The person has complied with the conditions of paragraphs (a) and (b) which shall be monitored by the Department of Corrections while the person is under any supervisory sanction. If the person fails to comply with provisions of these paragraphs by either failing to maintain treatment or by testing positive for drug use, the department shall notify the licensing agency, which shall revoke the license. The person under supervision may:
(a) Seek evaluation and enrollment in, and once enrolled maintain enrollment in until completion, a drug treatment and rehabilitation program which is approved or regulated by the Department of Children and Families. The treatment and rehabilitation program shall be specified by:
1. The court, in the case of court-ordered supervisory sanctions;
2. The Florida Commission on Offender Review, in the case of parole, control release, or conditional release; or
3. The Department of Corrections, in the case of imprisonment or any other supervision required by law.
(b) Submit to periodic urine drug testing pursuant to procedures prescribed by the Department of Corrections. If the person is indigent, the costs shall be paid by the Department of Corrections; or
(2) The person has successfully completed an appropriate program under the Correctional Education Program.
(3) As used in this section, the term “professional license” includes any license, permit, or certificate that authorizes a person to practice his or her profession. However, the term does not include any of the taxes, fees, or permits regulated, controlled, or administered by the Department of Revenue in accordance with s. 213.05.
History.—s. 11, ch. 73-331; s. 1, ch. 77-117; s. 19, ch. 78-95; s. 3, ch. 90-266; s. 126, ch. 91-112; s. 14, ch. 95-325; s. 1443, ch. 97-102; s. 302, ch. 99-8; s. 18, ch. 2012-100; s. 305, ch. 2014-19; s. 21, ch. 2014-191.
893.12 Contraband; seizure, forfeiture, sale.—
(1) All substances controlled by this chapter and all listed chemicals, which substances or chemicals are handled, delivered, possessed, or distributed contrary to any provisions of this chapter, and all such controlled substances or listed chemicals the lawful possession of which is not established or the title to which cannot be ascertained, are declared to be contraband, are subject to seizure and confiscation by any person whose duty it is to enforce the provisions of the chapter, and shall be disposed of as follows:
(a) Except as in this section otherwise provided, the court having jurisdiction shall order such controlled substances or listed chemicals forfeited and destroyed. A record of the place where said controlled substances or listed chemicals were seized, of the kinds and quantities of controlled substances or listed chemicals destroyed, and of the time, place, and manner of destruction shall be kept, and a return under oath reporting said destruction shall be made to the court by the officer who destroys them.
(b) Upon written application by the Department of Health, the court by whom the forfeiture of such controlled substances or listed chemicals has been decreed may order the delivery of any of them to said department for distribution or destruction as hereinafter provided.
(c) Upon application by any hospital or laboratory within the state not operated for private gain, the department may, in its discretion, deliver any controlled substances or listed chemicals that have come into its custody by authority of this section to the applicant for medical use. The department may from time to time deliver excess stocks of such controlled substances or listed chemicals to the United States Drug Enforcement Administration or destroy same.
(d) The department shall keep a full and complete record of all controlled substances or listed chemicals received and of all controlled substances or listed chemicals disposed of, showing:
1. The exact kinds, quantities, and forms of such controlled substances or listed chemicals;
2. The persons from whom received and to whom delivered;
3. By whose authority received, delivered, and destroyed; and
4. The dates of the receipt, disposal, or destruction,

which record shall be open to inspection by all persons charged with the enforcement of federal and state drug abuse laws.

(2)(a) Any vessel, vehicle, aircraft, or drug paraphernalia as defined in s. 893.145 which has been or is being used in violation of any provision of this chapter or in, upon, or by means of which any violation of this chapter has taken or is taking place may be seized and forfeited as provided by the Florida Contraband Forfeiture Act.
(b) All real property, including any right, title, leasehold interest, and other interest in the whole of any lot or tract of land and any appurtenances or improvements, which real property is used, or intended to be used, in any manner or part, to commit or to facilitate the commission of, or which real property is acquired with proceeds obtained as a result of, a violation of any provision of this chapter related to a controlled substance described in s. 893.03(1) or (2) may be seized and forfeited as provided by the Florida Contraband Forfeiture Act except that no property shall be forfeited under this paragraph to the extent of an interest of an owner or lienholder by reason of any act or omission established by that owner or lienholder to have been committed or omitted without the knowledge or consent of that owner or lienholder.
(c) All moneys, negotiable instruments, securities, and other things of value furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance described in s. 893.03(1) or (2) or a listed chemical in violation of any provision of this chapter, all proceeds traceable to such an exchange, and all moneys, negotiable instruments, and securities used or intended to be used to facilitate any violation of any provision of this chapter or which are acquired with proceeds obtained in violation of any provision of this chapter may be seized and forfeited as provided by the Florida Contraband Forfeiture Act, except that no property shall be forfeited under this paragraph to the extent of an interest of an owner or lienholder by reason of any act or omission established by that owner or lienholder to have been committed or omitted without the knowledge or consent of that owner or lienholder.
(d) All books, records, and research, including formulas, microfilm, tapes, and data which are used, or intended for use, or which are acquired with proceeds obtained, in violation of any provision of this chapter related to a controlled substance described in s. 893.03(1) or (2) or a listed chemical may be seized and forfeited as provided by the Florida Contraband Forfeiture Act.
(e) If any of the property described in this subsection:
1. Cannot be located;
2. Has been transferred to, sold to, or deposited with, a third party;
3. Has been placed beyond the jurisdiction of the court;
4. Has been substantially diminished in value by any act or omission of the defendant; or
5. Has been commingled with any property which cannot be divided without difficulty,

the court shall order the forfeiture of any other property of the defendant up to the value of any property subject to forfeiture under this subsection.

(3) Any law enforcement agency is empowered to authorize or designate officers, agents, or other persons to carry out the seizure provisions of this section. It shall be the duty of any officer, agent, or other person so authorized or designated, or authorized by law, whenever she or he shall discover any vessel, vehicle, aircraft, real property or interest in real property, money, negotiable instrument, security, book, record, or research which has been or is being used or intended to be used, or which is acquired with proceeds obtained, in violation of any of the provisions of this chapter, or in, upon, or by means of which any violation of this chapter has taken or is taking place, to seize such vessel, vehicle, aircraft, real property or interest in real property, money, negotiable instrument, security, book, record, or research and place it in the custody of such person as may be authorized or designated for that purpose by the respective law enforcement agency pursuant to these provisions.
(4) The rights of any bona fide holder of a duly recorded mortgage or duly recorded vendor’s privilege on the property seized under this chapter shall not be affected by the seizure.
History.—s. 12, ch. 73-331; ss. 10, 11, ch. 74-385; s. 471, ch. 77-147; s. 185, ch. 79-164; s. 4, ch. 80-30; s. 9, ch. 80-68; s. 5, ch. 89-148; s. 4, ch. 91-279; s. 1444, ch. 97-102; s. 1, ch. 98-395; s. 303, ch. 99-8; s. 13, ch. 99-186; s. 21, ch. 2000-320; s. 17, ch. 2004-11; s. 12, ch. 2015-34; ss. 33, 48, ch. 2016-105.
893.13 Prohibited acts; penalties.—
(1)(a) Except as authorized by this chapter and chapter 499, a person may not sell, manufacture, or deliver, or possess with intent to sell, manufacture, or deliver, a controlled substance. A person who violates this provision with respect to:
1. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(d), (2)(a), (2)(b), or (2)(c)5. commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
2. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(c), (2)(c)1., (2)(c)2., (2)(c)3., (2)(c)6., (2)(c)7., (2)(c)8., (2)(c)9., (2)(c)10., (3), or (4) commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
3. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(5) commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(b) Except as provided in this chapter, a person may not sell or deliver in excess of 10 grams of any substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a) or (b), or any combination thereof, or any mixture containing any such substance. A person who violates this paragraph commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(c) Except as authorized by this chapter, a person may not sell, manufacture, or deliver, or possess with intent to sell, manufacture, or deliver, a controlled substance in, on, or within 1,000 feet of the real property comprising a child care facility as defined in s. 402.302 or a public or private elementary, middle, or secondary school between the hours of 6 a.m. and 12 midnight, or at any time in, on, or within 1,000 feet of real property comprising a state, county, or municipal park, a community center, or a publicly owned recreational facility. As used in this paragraph, the term “community center” means a facility operated by a nonprofit community-based organization for the provision of recreational, social, or educational services to the public. A person who violates this paragraph with respect to:
1. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(d), (2)(a), (2)(b), or (2)(c)5. commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. The defendant must be sentenced to a minimum term of imprisonment of 3 calendar years unless the offense was committed within 1,000 feet of the real property comprising a child care facility as defined in s. 402.302.
2. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(c), (2)(c)1., (2)(c)2., (2)(c)3., (2)(c)6., (2)(c)7., (2)(c)8., (2)(c)9., (2)(c)10., (3), or (4) commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
3. Any other controlled substance, except as lawfully sold, manufactured, or delivered, must be sentenced to pay a $500 fine and to serve 100 hours of public service in addition to any other penalty prescribed by law.

This paragraph does not apply to a child care facility unless the owner or operator of the facility posts a sign that is not less than 2 square feet in size with a word legend identifying the facility as a licensed child care facility and that is posted on the property of the child care facility in a conspicuous place where the sign is reasonably visible to the public.

(d) Except as authorized by this chapter, a person may not sell, manufacture, or deliver, or possess with intent to sell, manufacture, or deliver, a controlled substance in, on, or within 1,000 feet of the real property comprising a public or private college, university, or other postsecondary educational institution. A person who violates this paragraph with respect to:
1. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(d), (2)(a), (2)(b), or (2)(c)5. commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
2. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(c), (2)(c)1., (2)(c)2., (2)(c)3., (2)(c)6., (2)(c)7., (2)(c)8., (2)(c)9., (2)(c)10., (3), or (4) commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
3. Any other controlled substance, except as lawfully sold, manufactured, or delivered, must be sentenced to pay a $500 fine and to serve 100 hours of public service in addition to any other penalty prescribed by law.
(e) Except as authorized by this chapter, a person may not sell, manufacture, or deliver, or possess with intent to sell, manufacture, or deliver, a controlled substance not authorized by law in, on, or within 1,000 feet of a physical place for worship at which a church or religious organization regularly conducts religious services or within 1,000 feet of a convenience business as defined in s. 812.171. A person who violates this paragraph with respect to:
1. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(d), (2)(a), (2)(b), or (2)(c)5. commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
2. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(c), (2)(c)1., (2)(c)2., (2)(c)3., (2)(c)6., (2)(c)7., (2)(c)8., (2)(c)9., (2)(c)10., (3), or (4) commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
3. Any other controlled substance, except as lawfully sold, manufactured, or delivered, must be sentenced to pay a $500 fine and to serve 100 hours of public service in addition to any other penalty prescribed by law.
(f) Except as authorized by this chapter, a person may not sell, manufacture, or deliver, or possess with intent to sell, manufacture, or deliver, a controlled substance in, on, or within 1,000 feet of the real property comprising a public housing facility at any time. As used in this section, the term “real property comprising a public housing facility” means real property, as defined in s. 421.03(12), of a public corporation created as a housing authority pursuant to part I of chapter 421. A person who violates this paragraph with respect to:
1. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(d), (2)(a), (2)(b), or (2)(c)5. commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
2. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(c), (2)(c)1., (2)(c)2., (2)(c)3., (2)(c)6., (2)(c)7., (2)(c)8., (2)(c)9., (2)(c)10., (3), or (4) commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
3. Any other controlled substance, except as lawfully sold, manufactured, or delivered, must be sentenced to pay a $500 fine and to serve 100 hours of public service in addition to any other penalty prescribed by law.
(g) Except as authorized by this chapter, a person may not manufacture methamphetamine or phencyclidine, or possess any listed chemical as defined in s. 893.033 in violation of s. 893.149 and with intent to manufacture methamphetamine or phencyclidine. If a person violates this paragraph and:
1. The commission or attempted commission of the crime occurs in a structure or conveyance where any child younger than 16 years of age is present, the person commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. In addition, the defendant must be sentenced to a minimum term of imprisonment of 5 calendar years.
2. The commission of the crime causes any child younger than 16 years of age to suffer great bodily harm, the person commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. In addition, the defendant must be sentenced to a minimum term of imprisonment of 10 calendar years.
(h) Except as authorized by this chapter, a person may not sell, manufacture, or deliver, or possess with intent to sell, manufacture, or deliver, a controlled substance in, on, or within 1,000 feet of the real property comprising a mental health facility, as that term is used in chapter 394; a health care facility licensed under chapter 395 which provides substance abuse treatment; a licensed service provider as defined in s. 397.311; a facility providing services that include clinical treatment, intervention, or prevention as described in s. 397.311(26); a recovery residence as defined in s. 397.311; an assisted living facility as defined in chapter 429; or a pain management clinic as defined in s. 458.3265(1)(a)1.c. or s. 459.0137(1)(a)1.c. A person who violates this paragraph with respect to:
1. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(d), (2)(a), (2)(b), or (2)(c)5. commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
2. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(c), (2)(c)1., (2)(c)2., (2)(c)3., (2)(c)6., (2)(c)7., (2)(c)8., (2)(c)9., (2)(c)10., (3), or (4) commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
3. Any other controlled substance, except as lawfully sold, manufactured, or delivered, must be sentenced to pay a $500 fine and to serve 100 hours of public service in addition to any other penalty prescribed by law.
(2)(a) Except as authorized by this chapter and chapter 499, a person may not purchase, or possess with intent to purchase, a controlled substance. A person who violates this provision with respect to:
1. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(d), (2)(a), (2)(b), or (2)(c)5. commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
2. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(c), (2)(c)1., (2)(c)2., (2)(c)3., (2)(c)6., (2)(c)7., (2)(c)8., (2)(c)9., (2)(c)10., (3), or (4) commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
3. A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(5) commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(b) Except as provided in this chapter, a person may not purchase more than 10 grams of any substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a) or (1)(b), or any combination thereof, or any mixture containing any such substance. A person who violates this paragraph commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(3) A person who delivers, without consideration, 20 grams or less of cannabis, as defined in this chapter, commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. As used in this subsection, the term “cannabis” does not include the resin extracted from the plants of the genus Cannabis or any compound manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such resin.
(4) Except as authorized by this chapter, a person 18 years of age or older may not deliver any controlled substance to a person younger than 18 years of age, use or hire a person younger than 18 years of age as an agent or employee in the sale or delivery of such a substance, or use such person to assist in avoiding detection or apprehension for a violation of this chapter. A person who violates this subsection with respect to:
(a) A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(d), (2)(a), (2)(b), or (2)(c)5. commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(b) A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(c), (2)(c)1., (2)(c)2., (2)(c)3., (2)(c)6., (2)(c)7., (2)(c)8., (2)(c)9., (2)(c)10., (3), or (4) commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(c) Any other controlled substance, except as lawfully sold, manufactured, or delivered, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

Imposition of sentence may not be suspended or deferred, and the person so convicted may not be placed on probation.

(5) A person may not bring into this state any controlled substance unless the possession of such controlled substance is authorized by this chapter or unless such person is licensed to do so by the appropriate federal agency. A person who violates this provision with respect to:
(a) A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a), (1)(b), (1)(d), (2)(a), (2)(b), or (2)(c)5. commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(b) A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(c), (2)(c)1., (2)(c)2., (2)(c)3., (2)(c)6., (2)(c)7., (2)(c)8., (2)(c)9., (2)(c)10., (3), or (4) commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(c) A controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(5) commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(6)(a) A person may not be in actual or constructive possession of a controlled substance unless such controlled substance was lawfully obtained from a practitioner or pursuant to a valid prescription or order of a practitioner while acting in the course of his or her professional practice or to be in actual or constructive possession of a controlled substance except as otherwise authorized by this chapter. A person who violates this provision commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(b) If the offense is the possession of 20 grams or less of cannabis, as defined in this chapter, the person commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. As used in this subsection, the term “cannabis” does not include the resin extracted from the plants of the genus Cannabis, or any compound manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such resin.
(c) Except as provided in this chapter, a person may not possess more than 10 grams of any substance named or described in s. 893.03(1)(a), (1)(b), or (2)(b), or any combination thereof, or any mixture containing any such substance. A person who violates this paragraph commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(d) If the offense is possession of a controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(5), the person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(e) Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary of the laws of this state relating to arrest, a law enforcement officer may arrest without warrant any person who the officer has probable cause to believe is violating the provisions of this chapter relating to possession of cannabis.
(7)(a) A person may not:
1. Distribute or dispense a controlled substance in violation of this chapter.
2. Refuse or fail to make, keep, or furnish any record, notification, order form, statement, invoice, or information required under this chapter.
3. Refuse entry into any premises for any inspection or refuse to allow any inspection authorized by this chapter.
4. Distribute a controlled substance named or described in s. 893.03(1) or (2) except pursuant to an order form as required by s. 893.06.
5. Keep or maintain any store, shop, warehouse, dwelling, building, vehicle, boat, aircraft, or other structure or place which is resorted to by persons using controlled substances in violation of this chapter for the purpose of using these substances, or which is used for keeping or selling them in violation of this chapter.
6. Use to his or her own personal advantage, or reveal, any information obtained in enforcement of this chapter except in a prosecution or administrative hearing for a violation of this chapter.
7. Possess a prescription form unless it has been signed by the practitioner whose name appears printed thereon and completed. This subparagraph does not apply if the person in possession of the form is the practitioner whose name appears printed thereon, an agent or employee of that practitioner, a pharmacist, or a supplier of prescription forms who is authorized by that practitioner to possess those forms.
8. Withhold information from a practitioner from whom the person seeks to obtain a controlled substance or a prescription for a controlled substance that the person making the request has received a controlled substance or a prescription for a controlled substance of like therapeutic use from another practitioner within the previous 30 days.
9. Acquire or obtain, or attempt to acquire or obtain, possession of a controlled substance by misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, or subterfuge.
10. Affix any false or forged label to a package or receptacle containing a controlled substance.
11. Furnish false or fraudulent material information in, or omit any material information from, any report or other document required to be kept or filed under this chapter or any record required to be kept by this chapter.
12. Store anhydrous ammonia in a container that is not approved by the United States Department of Transportation to hold anhydrous ammonia or is not constructed in accordance with sound engineering, agricultural, or commercial practices.
13. With the intent to obtain a controlled substance or combination of controlled substances that are not medically necessary for the person or an amount of a controlled substance or substances that is not medically necessary for the person, obtain or attempt to obtain from a practitioner a controlled substance or a prescription for a controlled substance by misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, subterfuge, or concealment of a material fact. For purposes of this subparagraph, a material fact includes whether the person has an existing prescription for a controlled substance issued for the same period of time by another practitioner or as described in subparagraph 8.
(b) A health care practitioner, with the intent to provide a controlled substance or combination of controlled substances that are not medically necessary to his or her patient or an amount of controlled substances that is not medically necessary for his or her patient, may not provide a controlled substance or a prescription for a controlled substance by misrepresentation, fraud, forgery, deception, subterfuge, or concealment of a material fact. For purposes of this paragraph, a material fact includes whether the patient has an existing prescription for a controlled substance issued for the same period of time by another practitioner or as described in subparagraph (a)8.
(c) A person who violates subparagraphs (a)1.-6. commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083, except that, upon a second or subsequent violation, the person commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(d) A person who violates subparagraphs (a)7.-12. commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(e) A person or health care practitioner who violates the provisions of subparagraph (a)13. or paragraph (b) commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084, if any controlled substance that is the subject of the offense is listed in Schedule II, Schedule III, or Schedule IV.
(8)(a) Notwithstanding subsection (9), a prescribing practitioner may not:
1. Knowingly assist a patient, other person, or the owner of an animal in obtaining a controlled substance through deceptive, untrue, or fraudulent representations in or related to the practice of the prescribing practitioner’s professional practice;
2. Employ a trick or scheme in the practice of the prescribing practitioner’s professional practice to assist a patient, other person, or the owner of an animal in obtaining a controlled substance;
3. Knowingly write a prescription for a controlled substance for a fictitious person; or
4. Write a prescription for a controlled substance for a patient, other person, or an animal if the sole purpose of writing such prescription is to provide a monetary benefit to, or obtain a monetary benefit for, the prescribing practitioner.
(b) If the prescribing practitioner wrote a prescription or multiple prescriptions for a controlled substance for the patient, other person, or animal for which there was no medical necessity, or which was in excess of what was medically necessary to treat the patient, other person, or animal, that fact does not give rise to any presumption that the prescribing practitioner violated subparagraph (a)1., but may be considered with other competent evidence in determining whether the prescribing practitioner knowingly assisted a patient, other person, or the owner of an animal to obtain a controlled substance in violation of subparagraph (a)1.
(c) A person who violates paragraph (a) commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(d) Notwithstanding paragraph (c), if a prescribing practitioner has violated paragraph (a) and received $1,000 or more in payment for writing one or more prescriptions or, in the case of a prescription written for a controlled substance described in s. 893.135, has written one or more prescriptions for a quantity of a controlled substance which, individually or in the aggregate, meets the threshold for the offense of trafficking in a controlled substance under s. 893.135, the violation is reclassified as a felony of the second degree and ranked in level 4 of the Criminal Punishment Code.
(9) The provisions of subsections (1)-(8) are not applicable to the delivery to, or actual or constructive possession for medical or scientific use or purpose only of controlled substances by, persons included in any of the following classes, or the agents or employees of such persons, for use in the usual course of their business or profession or in the performance of their official duties:
(a) Pharmacists.
(b) Practitioners.
(c) Persons who procure controlled substances in good faith and in the course of professional practice only, by or under the supervision of pharmacists or practitioners employed by them, or for the purpose of lawful research, teaching, or testing, and not for resale.
(d) Hospitals that procure controlled substances for lawful administration by practitioners, but only for use by or in the particular hospital.
(e) Officers or employees of state, federal, or local governments acting in their official capacity only, or informers acting under their jurisdiction.
(f) Common carriers.
(g) Manufacturers, wholesalers, and distributors.
(h) Law enforcement officers for bona fide law enforcement purposes in the course of an active criminal investigation.
(10) If a person violates any provision of this chapter and the violation results in a serious injury to a state or local law enforcement officer as defined in s. 943.10, firefighter as defined in s. 633.102, emergency medical technician as defined in s. 401.23, paramedic as defined in s. 401.23, employee of a public utility or an electric utility as defined in s. 366.02, animal control officer as defined in s. 828.27, volunteer firefighter engaged by state or local government, law enforcement officer employed by the Federal Government, or any other local, state, or Federal Government employee injured during the course and scope of his or her employment, the person commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the injury sustained results in death or great bodily harm, the person commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
History.—s. 13, ch. 73-331; s. 1, ch. 76-200; s. 1, ch. 77-174; s. 2, ch. 79-1; s. 3, ch. 79-325; s. 5, ch. 80-30; s. 2, ch. 80-70; s. 490, ch. 81-259; s. 2, ch. 82-16; s. 52, ch. 83-215; s. 1, ch. 84-77; s. 5, ch. 85-242; s. 4, ch. 87-243; s. 2, ch. 88-381; s. 4, ch. 89-281; s. 1, ch. 89-524; ss. 1, 6, ch. 90-111; s. 1, ch. 93-59; s. 2, ch. 93-92; s. 1, ch. 93-194; ss. 22, 23, ch. 93-406; s. 2, ch. 96-360; s. 2, ch. 97-1; s. 1, ch. 97-43; s. 1827, ch. 97-102; s. 22, ch. 97-194; s. 106, ch. 97-264; s. 1, ch. 97-269; s. 47, ch. 97-271; s. 1, ch. 98-22; s. 1, ch. 99-154; s. 14, ch. 99-186; s. 3, ch. 2000-320; s. 11, ch. 2002-78; s. 2, ch. 2002-81; s. 3, ch. 2003-10; s. 1, ch. 2003-95; s. 2, ch. 2005-128; s. 108, ch. 2006-197; s. 2, ch. 2006-306; s. 2, ch. 2008-88; s. 6, ch. 2010-113; ss. 3, 4, ch. 2011-73; s. 2, ch. 2011-90; s. 26, ch. 2011-141; s. 2, ch. 2012-23; s. 3, ch. 2013-29; s. 153, ch. 2013-183; s. 2, ch. 2014-159; s. 1, ch. 2014-204; s. 13, ch. 2015-34; s. 5, ch. 2016-105; s. 49, ch. 2017-3; s. 5, ch. 2017-107; s. 12, ch. 2018-13; s. 107, ch. 2019-3; s. 6, ch. 2019-166; s. 124, ch. 2019-167; s. 2, ch. 2022-129.
893.135 Trafficking; mandatory sentences; suspension or reduction of sentences; conspiracy to engage in trafficking.—
(1) Except as authorized in this chapter or in chapter 499 and notwithstanding the provisions of s. 893.13:
(a) Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, in excess of 25 pounds of cannabis, or 300 or more cannabis plants, commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in cannabis,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity of cannabis involved:
1. Is in excess of 25 pounds, but less than 2,000 pounds, or is 300 or more cannabis plants, but not more than 2,000 cannabis plants, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $25,000.
2. Is 2,000 pounds or more, but less than 10,000 pounds, or is 2,000 or more cannabis plants, but not more than 10,000 cannabis plants, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
3. Is 10,000 pounds or more, or is 10,000 or more cannabis plants, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 calendar years and pay a fine of $200,000.

For the purpose of this paragraph, a plant, including, but not limited to, a seedling or cutting, is a “cannabis plant” if it has some readily observable evidence of root formation, such as root hairs. To determine if a piece or part of a cannabis plant severed from the cannabis plant is itself a cannabis plant, the severed piece or part must have some readily observable evidence of root formation, such as root hairs. Callous tissue is not readily observable evidence of root formation. The viability and sex of a plant and the fact that the plant may or may not be a dead harvested plant are not relevant in determining if the plant is a “cannabis plant” or in the charging of an offense under this paragraph. Upon conviction, the court shall impose the longest term of imprisonment provided for in this paragraph.

(b)1. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 28 grams or more of cocaine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(a)4., or of any mixture containing cocaine, but less than 150 kilograms of cocaine or any such mixture, commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in cocaine,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 28 grams or more, but less than 200 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 200 grams or more, but less than 400 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 400 grams or more, but less than 150 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 calendar years and pay a fine of $250,000.
2. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 150 kilograms or more of cocaine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(a)4., commits the first degree felony of trafficking in cocaine. A person who has been convicted of the first degree felony of trafficking in cocaine under this subparagraph shall be punished by life imprisonment and is ineligible for any form of discretionary early release except pardon or executive clemency or conditional medical release under s. 947.149. However, if the court determines that, in addition to committing any act specified in this paragraph:
a. The person intentionally killed an individual or counseled, commanded, induced, procured, or caused the intentional killing of an individual and such killing was the result; or
b. The person’s conduct in committing that act led to a natural, though not inevitable, lethal result,

such person commits the capital felony of trafficking in cocaine, punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. Any person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.

3. Any person who knowingly brings into this state 300 kilograms or more of cocaine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(a)4., and who knows that the probable result of such importation would be the death of any person, commits capital importation of cocaine, a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. Any person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.
(c)1. A person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 4 grams or more of any morphine, opium, hydromorphone, or any salt, derivative, isomer, or salt of an isomer thereof, including heroin, as described in s. 893.03(1)(b), (2)(a), (3)(c)3., or (3)(c)4., or 4 grams or more of any mixture containing any such substance, but less than 30 kilograms of such substance or mixture, commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in illegal drugs,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 4 grams or more, but less than 14 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 14 grams or more, but less than 28 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 28 grams or more, but less than 30 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 25 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $500,000.
2. A person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 28 grams or more of hydrocodone, as described in s. 893.03(2)(a)1.k., codeine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(a)1.g., or any salt thereof, or 28 grams or more of any mixture containing any such substance, commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in hydrocodone,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 28 grams or more, but less than 50 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 50 grams or more, but less than 100 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 100 grams or more, but less than 300 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $500,000.
d. Is 300 grams or more, but less than 30 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 25 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $750,000.
3. A person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 7 grams or more of oxycodone, as described in s. 893.03(2)(a)1.q., or any salt thereof, or 7 grams or more of any mixture containing any such substance, commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in oxycodone,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 7 grams or more, but less than 14 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 14 grams or more, but less than 25 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 25 grams or more, but less than 100 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $500,000.
d. Is 100 grams or more, but less than 30 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 25 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $750,000.
4.a. A person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 4 grams or more of:
(I) Alfentanil, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)1.;
(II) Carfentanil, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)6.;
(III) Fentanyl, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)9.;
(IV) Sufentanil, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)30.;
(V) A fentanyl derivative, as described in s. 893.03(1)(a)62.;
(VI) A controlled substance analog, as described in s. 893.0356, of any substance described in sub-sub-subparagraphs (I)-(V); or
(VII) A mixture containing any substance described in sub-sub-subparagraphs (I)-(VI),

commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in dangerous fentanyl or fentanyl analogues,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

b. If the quantity involved under sub-subparagraph a.:
(I) Is 4 grams or more, but less than 14 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
(II) Is 14 grams or more, but less than 28 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 20 years, and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
(III) Is 28 grams or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 25 years, and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $500,000.
5. A person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 30 kilograms or more of any morphine, opium, oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, hydromorphone, or any salt, derivative, isomer, or salt of an isomer thereof, including heroin, as described in s. 893.03(1)(b), (2)(a), (3)(c)3., or (3)(c)4., or 30 kilograms or more of any mixture containing any such substance, commits the first degree felony of trafficking in illegal drugs. A person who has been convicted of the first degree felony of trafficking in illegal drugs under this subparagraph shall be punished by life imprisonment and is ineligible for any form of discretionary early release except pardon or executive clemency or conditional medical release under s. 947.149. However, if the court determines that, in addition to committing any act specified in this paragraph:
a. The person intentionally killed an individual or counseled, commanded, induced, procured, or caused the intentional killing of an individual and such killing was the result; or
b. The person’s conduct in committing that act led to a natural, though not inevitable, lethal result,

such person commits the capital felony of trafficking in illegal drugs, punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. A person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.

6. A person who knowingly brings into this state 60 kilograms or more of any morphine, opium, oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, hydromorphone, or any salt, derivative, isomer, or salt of an isomer thereof, including heroin, as described in s. 893.03(1)(b), (2)(a), (3)(c)3., or (3)(c)4., or 60 kilograms or more of any mixture containing any such substance, and who knows that the probable result of such importation would be the death of a person, commits capital importation of illegal drugs, a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. A person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.
(d)1. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 28 grams or more of phencyclidine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)23., a substituted phenylcyclohexylamine, as described in s. 893.03(1)(c)195., or a substance described in s. 893.03(1)(c)13., 32., 38., 103., or 146., or of any mixture containing phencyclidine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)23., a substituted phenylcyclohexylamine, as described in s. 893.03(1)(c)195., or a substance described in s. 893.03(1)(c)13., 32., 38., 103., or 146., commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in phencyclidine,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 28 grams or more, but less than 200 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 200 grams or more, but less than 400 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 400 grams or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 calendar years and pay a fine of $250,000.
2. Any person who knowingly brings into this state 800 grams or more of phencyclidine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)23., a substituted phenylcyclohexylamine, as described in s. 893.03(1)(c)195., or a substance described in s. 893.03(1)(c)13., 32., 38., 103., or 146., or of any mixture containing phencyclidine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)23., a substituted phenylcyclohexylamine, as described in s. 893.03(1)(c)195., or a substance described in s. 893.03(1)(c)13., 32., 38., 103., or 146., and who knows that the probable result of such importation would be the death of any person commits capital importation of phencyclidine, a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. Any person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.
(e)1. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 200 grams or more of methaqualone or of any mixture containing methaqualone, as described in s. 893.03(1)(d), commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in methaqualone,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 200 grams or more, but less than 5 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 5 kilograms or more, but less than 25 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 25 kilograms or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 calendar years and pay a fine of $250,000.
2. Any person who knowingly brings into this state 50 kilograms or more of methaqualone or of any mixture containing methaqualone, as described in s. 893.03(1)(d), and who knows that the probable result of such importation would be the death of any person commits capital importation of methaqualone, a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. Any person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.
(f)1. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 14 grams or more of amphetamine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(c)2., or methamphetamine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(c)5., or of any mixture containing amphetamine or methamphetamine, or phenylacetone, phenylacetic acid, pseudoephedrine, or ephedrine in conjunction with other chemicals and equipment utilized in the manufacture of amphetamine or methamphetamine, commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in amphetamine,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 14 grams or more, but less than 28 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 28 grams or more, but less than 200 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 200 grams or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 calendar years and pay a fine of $250,000.
2. Any person who knowingly manufactures or brings into this state 400 grams or more of amphetamine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(c)2., or methamphetamine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(c)5., or of any mixture containing amphetamine or methamphetamine, or phenylacetone, phenylacetic acid, pseudoephedrine, or ephedrine in conjunction with other chemicals and equipment used in the manufacture of amphetamine or methamphetamine, and who knows that the probable result of such manufacture or importation would be the death of any person commits capital manufacture or importation of amphetamine, a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. Any person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.
(g)1. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 4 grams or more of flunitrazepam or any mixture containing flunitrazepam as described in s. 893.03(1)(a) commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in flunitrazepam,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 4 grams or more but less than 14 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 14 grams or more but less than 28 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 28 grams or more but less than 30 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 25 calendar years and pay a fine of $500,000.
2. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of 30 kilograms or more of flunitrazepam or any mixture containing flunitrazepam as described in s. 893.03(1)(a) commits the first degree felony of trafficking in flunitrazepam. A person who has been convicted of the first degree felony of trafficking in flunitrazepam under this subparagraph shall be punished by life imprisonment and is ineligible for any form of discretionary early release except pardon or executive clemency or conditional medical release under s. 947.149. However, if the court determines that, in addition to committing any act specified in this paragraph:
a. The person intentionally killed an individual or counseled, commanded, induced, procured, or caused the intentional killing of an individual and such killing was the result; or
b. The person’s conduct in committing that act led to a natural, though not inevitable, lethal result,

such person commits the capital felony of trafficking in flunitrazepam, punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. Any person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.

(h)1. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 1 kilogram or more of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), as described in s. 893.03(1)(d), or any mixture containing gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB),” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 1 kilogram or more but less than 5 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 5 kilograms or more but less than 10 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 10 kilograms or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 calendar years and pay a fine of $250,000.
2. Any person who knowingly manufactures or brings into this state 150 kilograms or more of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), as described in s. 893.03(1)(d), or any mixture containing gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), and who knows that the probable result of such manufacture or importation would be the death of any person commits capital manufacture or importation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. Any person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.
(i)1. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 1 kilogram or more of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), as described in s. 893.03(1)(d), or any mixture containing gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in gamma-butyrolactone (GBL),” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 1 kilogram or more but less than 5 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 5 kilograms or more but less than 10 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 10 kilograms or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 calendar years and pay a fine of $250,000.
2. Any person who knowingly manufactures or brings into the state 150 kilograms or more of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), as described in s. 893.03(1)(d), or any mixture containing gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and who knows that the probable result of such manufacture or importation would be the death of any person commits capital manufacture or importation of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. Any person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.
(j)1. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 1 kilogram or more of 1,4-Butanediol as described in s. 893.03(1)(d), or of any mixture containing 1,4-Butanediol, commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in 1,4-Butanediol,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 1 kilogram or more, but less than 5 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 5 kilograms or more, but less than 10 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 10 kilograms or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 calendar years and pay a fine of $500,000.
2. Any person who knowingly manufactures or brings into this state 150 kilograms or more of 1,4-Butanediol as described in s. 893.03(1)(d), or any mixture containing 1,4-Butanediol, and who knows that the probable result of such manufacture or importation would be the death of any person commits capital manufacture or importation of 1,4-Butanediol, a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. Any person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.
(k)1. A person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 10 grams or more of a:
a. Substance described in s. 893.03(1)(c)4., 5., 10., 11., 15., 17., 21.-27., 29., 39., 40.-45., 58., 72.-80., 81.-86., 90.-102., 104.-108., 110.-113., 143.-145., 148.-150., 160.-163., 165., or 187.-189., a substituted cathinone, as described in s. 893.03(1)(c)191., or substituted phenethylamine, as described in s. 893.03(1)(c)192.;
b. Mixture containing any substance described in sub-subparagraph a.; or
c. Salt, isomer, ester, or ether or salt of an isomer, ester, or ether of a substance described in sub-subparagraph a.,

commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in phenethylamines,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

2. If the quantity involved under subparagraph 1.:
a. Is 10 grams or more, but less than 200 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 200 grams or more, but less than 400 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 400 grams or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 years and shall be ordered to pay a fine of $250,000.
3. A person who knowingly manufactures or brings into this state 30 kilograms or more of a substance described in sub-subparagraph 1.a., a mixture described in sub-subparagraph 1.b., or a salt, isomer, ester, or ether or a salt of an isomer, ester, or ether described in sub-subparagraph 1.c., and who knows that the probable result of such manufacture or importation would be the death of any person commits capital manufacture or importation of phenethylamines, a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. A person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine under subparagraph 2.
(l)1. Any person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 1 gram or more of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as described in s. 893.03(1)(c), or of any mixture containing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD),” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. If the quantity involved:
a. Is 1 gram or more, but less than 5 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 5 grams or more, but less than 7 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 7 grams or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 calendar years and pay a fine of $500,000.
2. Any person who knowingly manufactures or brings into this state 7 grams or more of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as described in s. 893.03(1)(c), or any mixture containing lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and who knows that the probable result of such manufacture or importation would be the death of any person commits capital manufacture or importation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. Any person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine provided under subparagraph 1.
(m)1. A person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 280 grams or more of a:
a. Substance described in s. 893.03(1)(c)30., 46.-50., 114.-142., 151.-156., 166.-173., or 176.-186. or a synthetic cannabinoid, as described in s. 893.03(1)(c)190.; or
b. Mixture containing any substance described in sub-subparagraph a.,

commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in synthetic cannabinoids,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

2. If the quantity involved under subparagraph 1.:
a. Is 280 grams or more, but less than 500 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 500 grams or more, but less than 1,000 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 1,000 grams or more, but less than 30 kilograms, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $200,000.
d. Is 30 kilograms or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 25 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $750,000.
(n)1. A person who knowingly sells, purchases, manufactures, delivers, or brings into this state, or who is knowingly in actual or constructive possession of, 14 grams or more of:
a. A substance described in s. 893.03(1)(c)164., 174., or 175., a n-benzyl phenethylamine compound, as described in s. 893.03(1)(c)193.; or
b. A mixture containing any substance described in sub-subparagraph a.,

commits a felony of the first degree, which felony shall be known as “trafficking in n-benzyl phenethylamines,” punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

2. If the quantity involved under subparagraph 1.:
a. Is 14 grams or more, but less than 100 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 3 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $50,000.
b. Is 100 grams or more, but less than 200 grams, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 7 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $100,000.
c. Is 200 grams or more, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment of 15 years, and the defendant shall be ordered to pay a fine of $500,000.
3. A person who knowingly manufactures or brings into this state 400 grams or more of a substance described in sub-subparagraph 1.a. or a mixture described in sub-subparagraph 1.b., and who knows that the probable result of such manufacture or importation would be the death of any person commits capital manufacture or importation of a n-benzyl phenethylamine compound, a capital felony punishable as provided in ss. 775.082 and 921.142. A person sentenced for a capital felony under this paragraph shall also be sentenced to pay the maximum fine under subparagraph 2.
(2) A person acts knowingly under subsection (1) if that person intends to sell, purchase, manufacture, deliver, or bring into this state, or to actually or constructively possess, any of the controlled substances listed in subsection (1), regardless of which controlled substance listed in subsection (1) is in fact sold, purchased, manufactured, delivered, or brought into this state, or actually or constructively possessed.
(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of s. 948.01, with respect to any person who is found to have violated this section, adjudication of guilt or imposition of sentence shall not be suspended, deferred, or withheld, nor shall such person be eligible for parole prior to serving the mandatory minimum term of imprisonment prescribed by this section. A person sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment under this section is not eligible for any form of discretionary early release, except pardon or executive clemency or conditional medical release under s. 947.149, prior to serving the mandatory minimum term of imprisonment.
(4) The state attorney may move the sentencing court to reduce or suspend the sentence of any person who is convicted of a violation of this section and who provides substantial assistance in the identification, arrest, or conviction of any of that person’s accomplices, accessories, coconspirators, or principals or of any other person engaged in trafficking in controlled substances. The arresting agency shall be given an opportunity to be heard in aggravation or mitigation in reference to any such motion. Upon good cause shown, the motion may be filed and heard in camera. The judge hearing the motion may reduce or suspend the sentence if the judge finds that the defendant rendered such substantial assistance.
(5) Any person who agrees, conspires, combines, or confederates with another person to commit any act prohibited by subsection (1) commits a felony of the first degree and is punishable as if he or she had actually committed such prohibited act. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prohibit separate convictions and sentences for a violation of this subsection and any violation of subsection (1).
(6) A mixture, as defined in s. 893.02, containing any controlled substance described in this section includes, but is not limited to, a solution or a dosage unit, including but not limited to, a gelatin capsule, pill, or tablet, containing a controlled substance. For the purpose of clarifying legislative intent regarding the weighing of a mixture containing a controlled substance described in this section, the weight of the controlled substance is the total weight of the mixture, including the controlled substance and any other substance in the mixture. If there is more than one mixture containing the same controlled substance, the weight of the controlled substance is calculated by aggregating the total weight of each mixture.
(7) For the purpose of further clarifying legislative intent, the Legislature finds that the opinion in Hayes v. State, 750 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 1999) does not correctly construe legislative intent. The Legislature finds that the opinions in State v. Hayes, 720 So. 2d 1095 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) and State v. Baxley, 684 So. 2d 831 (Fla. 5th DCA 1996) correctly construe legislative intent.
History.—s. 1, ch. 79-1; s. 1, ch. 80-70; s. 2, ch. 80-353; s. 491, ch. 81-259; s. 1, ch. 82-2; s. 3, ch. 82-16; s. 53, ch. 83-215; s. 5, ch. 87-243; ss. 1, 4, ch. 89-281; s. 1, ch. 90-112; s. 3, ch. 93-92; s. 24, ch. 93-406; s. 15, ch. 95-184; s. 5, ch. 95-415; s. 54, ch. 96-388; s. 3, ch. 97-1; s. 1828, ch. 97-102; s. 23, ch. 97-194; s. 9, ch. 99-188; s. 4, ch. 2000-320; s. 2, ch. 2001-55; s. 7, ch. 2001-57; ss. 1, 2, 3, ch. 2002-212; s. 4, ch. 2003-10; s. 3, ch. 2005-128; s. 7, ch. 2008-184; s. 5, ch. 2011-73; s. 3, ch. 2011-90; s. 4, ch. 2013-29; s. 3, ch. 2014-159; s. 1, ch. 2014-176; s. 14, ch. 2015-34; s. 6, ch. 2016-13; s. 6, ch. 2016-105; s. 6, ch. 2017-1; s. 6, ch. 2017-107; s. 18, ch. 2018-13; s. 45, ch. 2019-167; s. 3, ch. 2022-129.
893.1351 Ownership, lease, rental, or possession for trafficking in or manufacturing a controlled substance.—
(1) A person may not own, lease, or rent any place, structure, or part thereof, trailer, or other conveyance with the knowledge that the place, structure, trailer, or conveyance will be used for the purpose of trafficking in a controlled substance, as provided in s. 893.135; for the sale of a controlled substance, as provided in s. 893.13; or for the manufacture of a controlled substance intended for sale or distribution to another. A person who violates this subsection commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(2) A person may not knowingly be in actual or constructive possession of any place, structure, or part thereof, trailer, or other conveyance with the knowledge that the place, structure, or part thereof, trailer, or conveyance will be used for the purpose of trafficking in a controlled substance, as provided in s. 893.135; for the sale of a controlled substance, as provided in s. 893.13; or for the manufacture of a controlled substance intended for sale or distribution to another. A person who violates this subsection commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(3) A person who is in actual or constructive possession of a place, structure, trailer, or conveyance with the knowledge that the place, structure, trailer, or conveyance is being used to manufacture a controlled substance intended for sale or distribution to another and who knew or should have known that a minor is present or resides in the place, structure, trailer, or conveyance commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(4) For the purposes of this section, proof of the possession of 25 or more cannabis plants constitutes prima facie evidence that the cannabis is intended for sale or distribution.
History.—s. 1, ch. 91-118; s. 10, ch. 99-188; s. 22, ch. 2000-320; s. 1, ch. 2002-212; s. 14, ch. 2005-128; s. 2, ch. 2008-184; s. 43, ch. 2016-105; s. 125, ch. 2019-167.
893.138 Local administrative action to abate certain activities declared public nuisances.—
(1) It is the intent of this section to promote, protect, and improve the health, safety, and welfare of the citizens of the counties and municipalities of this state by authorizing the creation of administrative boards with authority to impose administrative fines and other noncriminal penalties in order to provide an equitable, expeditious, effective, and inexpensive method of enforcing ordinances in counties and municipalities under circumstances when a pending or repeated violation continues to exist.
(2) Any place or premises that has been used:
(a) On more than two occasions within a 6-month period, as the site of a violation of s. 796.07;
(b) On more than two occasions within a 6-month period, as the site of the unlawful sale, delivery, manufacture, or cultivation of any controlled substance;
(c) On one occasion as the site of the unlawful possession of a controlled substance, where such possession constitutes a felony and that has been previously used on more than one occasion as the site of the unlawful sale, delivery, manufacture, or cultivation of any controlled substance;
(d) By a criminal gang for the purpose of conducting criminal gang activity as defined by s. 874.03;
(e) On more than two occasions within a 6-month period, as the site of a violation of s. 812.019 relating to dealing in stolen property;
(f) On two or more occasions within a 6-month period, as the site of a violation of chapter 499; or
(g) On more than two occasions within a 6-month period, as the site of a violation of any combination of the following:
1. Section 782.04, relating to murder;
2. Section 782.051, relating to attempted felony murder;
3. Section 784.045(1)(a)2., relating to aggravated battery with a deadly weapon; or
4. Section 784.021(1)(a), relating to aggravated assault with a deadly weapon without intent to kill,

may be declared to be a public nuisance, and such nuisance may be abated pursuant to the procedures provided in this section.

(3) Any pain-management clinic, as described in s. 458.3265 or s. 459.0137, which has been used on more than two occasions within a 6-month period as the site of a violation of:
(a) Section 784.011, s. 784.021, s. 784.03, or s. 784.045, relating to assault and battery;
(b) Section 810.02, relating to burglary;
(c) Section 812.014, relating to theft;
(d) Section 812.131, relating to robbery by sudden snatching; or
(e) Section 893.13, relating to the unlawful distribution of controlled substances,

may be declared to be a public nuisance, and such nuisance may be abated pursuant to the procedures provided in this section.

(4) Any county or municipality may, by ordinance, create an administrative board to hear complaints regarding the nuisances described in subsection (2). Any employee, officer, or resident of the county or municipality may bring a complaint before the board after giving not less than 3 days’ written notice of such complaint to the owner of the place or premises at his or her last known address. After a hearing in which the board may consider any evidence, including evidence of the general reputation of the place or premises, and at which the owner of the premises shall have an opportunity to present evidence in his or her defense, the board may declare the place or premises to be a public nuisance as described in subsection (2).
(5) If the board declares a place or premises to be a public nuisance, it may enter an order requiring the owner of such place or premises to adopt such procedure as may be appropriate under the circumstances to abate any such nuisance or it may enter an order immediately prohibiting:
(a) The maintaining of the nuisance;
(b) The operating or maintaining of the place or premises, including the closure of the place or premises or any part thereof; or
(c) The conduct, operation, or maintenance of any business or activity on the premises which is conducive to such nuisance.
(6) An order entered under subsection (5) shall expire after 1 year or at such earlier time as is stated in the order.
(7) An order entered under subsection (5) may be enforced pursuant to the procedures contained in s. 120.69. This subsection does not subject a municipality that creates a board under this section, or the board so created, to any other provision of chapter 120.
(8) The board may bring a complaint under s. 60.05 seeking temporary and permanent injunctive relief against any nuisance described in subsection (2).
(9) This section does not restrict the right of any person to proceed under s. 60.05 against any public nuisance.
(10) As used in this section, the term “controlled substance” includes any substance sold in lieu of a controlled substance in violation of s. 817.563 or any imitation controlled substance defined in s. 817.564.
(11) The provisions of this section may be supplemented by a county or municipal ordinance. The ordinance may include, but is not limited to, provisions that establish additional penalties for public nuisances, including fines not to exceed $250 per day; provide for the payment of reasonable costs, including reasonable attorney fees associated with investigations of and hearings on public nuisances; provide for continuing jurisdiction for a period of 1 year over any place or premises that has been or is declared to be a public nuisance; establish penalties, including fines not to exceed $500 per day for recurring public nuisances; provide for the recording of orders on public nuisances so that notice must be given to subsequent purchasers, successors in interest, or assigns of the real property that is the subject of the order; provide that recorded orders on public nuisances may become liens against the real property that is the subject of the order; and provide for the foreclosure of property subject to a lien and the recovery of all costs, including reasonable attorney fees, associated with the recording of orders and foreclosure. No lien created pursuant to the provisions of this section may be foreclosed on real property which is a homestead under s. 4, Art. X of the State Constitution. Where a local government seeks to bring an administrative action, based on a stolen property nuisance, against a property owner operating an establishment where multiple tenants, on one site, conduct their own retail business, the property owner shall not be subject to a lien against his or her property or the prohibition of operation provision if the property owner evicts the business declared to be a nuisance within 90 days after notification by registered mail to the property owner of a second stolen property conviction of the tenant. The total fines imposed pursuant to the authority of this section shall not exceed $15,000. Nothing contained within this section prohibits a county or municipality from proceeding against a public nuisance by any other means.
(12) Notwithstanding any other law, a rental property that is declared a nuisance under this section may not be abated or subject to forfeiture under the Florida Contraband Forfeiture Act if the nuisance was committed by someone other than the property owner and the property owner commences rehabilitation of the property within 30 days after the property is declared a nuisance and completes the rehabilitation within a reasonable time thereafter.
History.—s. 7, ch. 87-243; s. 2, ch. 90-207; s. 1, ch. 91-143; s. 6, ch. 93-227; s. 1, ch. 94-242; s. 42, ch. 96-388; s. 1829, ch. 97-102; s. 1, ch. 97-200; s. 2, ch. 98-395; s. 1, ch. 2000-111; s. 5, ch. 2001-66; s. 24, ch. 2008-238; s. 27, ch. 2011-141; s. 87, ch. 2012-5; s. 88, ch. 2016-10; ss. 7, 44, ch. 2016-105; s. 107, ch. 2019-167; s. 3, ch. 2020-130.
893.145 “Drug paraphernalia” defined.—The term “drug paraphernalia” means all equipment, products, and materials of any kind which are used, intended for use, or designed for use in planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, harvesting, manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, preparing, testing, analyzing, packaging, repackaging, storing, containing, concealing, transporting, injecting, ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing into the human body a controlled substance in violation of this chapter or s. 877.111. Drug paraphernalia is deemed to be contraband which shall be subject to civil forfeiture. The term includes, but is not limited to:
(1) Kits used, intended for use, or designed for use in the planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, or harvesting of any species of plant which is a controlled substance or from which a controlled substance can be derived.
(2) Kits used, intended for use, or designed for use in manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, or preparing controlled substances.
(3) Isomerization devices used, intended for use, or designed for use in increasing the potency of any species of plant which is a controlled substance.
(4) Testing equipment used, intended for use, or designed for use in identifying, or in analyzing the strength, effectiveness, or purity of, controlled substances.
(5) Scales and balances used, intended for use, or designed for use in weighing or measuring controlled substances.
(6) Diluents and adulterants, such as quinine hydrochloride, caffeine, dimethyl sulfone, mannitol, mannite, dextrose, and lactose, used, intended for use, or designed for use in diluting controlled substances; or substances such as damiana leaf, marshmallow leaf, and mullein leaf, used, intended for use, or designed for use as carrier mediums of controlled substances.
(7) Separation gins and sifters used, intended for use, or designed for use in removing twigs and seeds from, or in otherwise cleaning or refining, cannabis.
(8) Blenders, bowls, containers, spoons, and mixing devices used, intended for use, or designed for use in compounding controlled substances.
(9) Capsules, balloons, envelopes, and other containers used, intended for use, or designed for use in packaging small quantities of controlled substances.
(10) Containers and other objects used, intended for use, or designed for use in storing, concealing, or transporting controlled substances.
(11) Hypodermic syringes, needles, and other objects used, intended for use, or designed for use in parenterally injecting controlled substances into the human body.
(12) Objects used, intended for use, or designed for use in ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing controlled substances, as described in s. 893.03, or substances described in s. 877.111(1) into the human body, such as:
(a) Metal, wooden, acrylic, glass, stone, plastic, or ceramic pipes, with or without screens, permanent screens, hashish heads, or punctured metal bowls.
(b) Water pipes.
(c) Carburetion tubes and devices.
(d) Smoking and carburetion masks.
(e) Roach clips: meaning objects used to hold burning material, such as a cannabis cigarette, that has become too small or too short to be held in the hand.
(f) Miniature cocaine spoons, and cocaine vials.
(g) Chamber pipes.
(h) Carburetor pipes.
(i) Electric pipes.
(j) Air-driven pipes.
(k) Chillums.
(l) Bongs.
(m) Ice pipes or chillers.
(n) A cartridge or canister, which means a small metal device used to contain nitrous oxide.
(o) A charger, sometimes referred to as a “cracker,” which means a small metal or plastic device that contains an interior pin that may be used to expel nitrous oxide from a cartridge or container.
(p) A charging bottle, which means a device that may be used to expel nitrous oxide from a cartridge or canister.
(q) A whip-it, which means a device that may be used to expel nitrous oxide.
(r) A tank.
(s) A balloon.
(t) A hose or tube.
(u) A 2-liter-type soda bottle.
(v) Duct tape.
History.—s. 1, ch. 80-30; s. 6, ch. 2000-320; s. 15, ch. 2000-360; s. 8, ch. 2016-105.
893.146 Determination of paraphernalia.—In determining whether an object is drug paraphernalia, a court or other authority or jury shall consider, in addition to all other logically relevant factors, the following:
(1) Statements by an owner or by anyone in control of the object concerning its use.
(2) The proximity of the object, in time and space, to a direct violation of this act.
(3) The proximity of the object to controlled substances.
(4) The existence of any residue of controlled substances on the object.
(5) Direct or circumstantial evidence of the intent of an owner, or of anyone in control of the object, to deliver it to persons who he or she knows, or should reasonably know, intend to use the object to facilitate a violation of this act. The innocence of an owner, or of anyone in control of the object, as to a direct violation of this act shall not prevent a finding that the object is intended for use, or designed for use, as drug paraphernalia.
(6) Instructions, oral or written, provided with the object concerning its use.
(7) Descriptive materials accompanying the object which explain or depict its use.
(8) Any advertising concerning its use.
(9) The manner in which the object is displayed for sale.
(10) Whether the owner, or anyone in control of the object, is a legitimate supplier of like or related items to the community, such as a licensed distributor of or dealer in tobacco products.
(11) Direct or circumstantial evidence of the ratio of sales of the object or objects to the total sales of the business enterprise.
(12) The existence and scope of legitimate uses for the object in the community.
(13) Expert testimony concerning its use.
History.—s. 2, ch. 80-30; s. 1445, ch. 97-102.
893.147 Use, possession, manufacture, delivery, transportation, advertisement, or retail sale of drug paraphernalia, specified machines, and materials.—
(1) USE OR POSSESSION OF DRUG PARAPHERNALIA.—It is unlawful for any person to use, or to possess with intent to use, drug paraphernalia:
(a) To plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, pack, repack, store, contain, or conceal a controlled substance in violation of this chapter; or
(b) To inject, ingest, inhale, or otherwise introduce into the human body a controlled substance in violation of this chapter.

Any person who violates this subsection is guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.

(2) MANUFACTURE OR DELIVERY OF DRUG PARAPHERNALIA.—It is unlawful for any person to deliver, possess with intent to deliver, or manufacture with intent to deliver drug paraphernalia, knowing, or under circumstances where one reasonably should know, that it will be used:
(a) To plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, pack, repack, store, contain, or conceal a controlled substance in violation of this act; or
(b) To inject, ingest, inhale, or otherwise introduce into the human body a controlled substance in violation of this act.

Any person who violates this subsection is guilty of a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

(3) DELIVERY OF DRUG PARAPHERNALIA TO A MINOR.—
(a) Any person 18 years of age or over who violates subsection (2) by delivering drug paraphernalia to a person under 18 years of age is guilty of a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(b) It is unlawful for any person to sell or otherwise deliver hypodermic syringes, needles, or other objects which may be used, are intended for use, or are designed for use in parenterally injecting substances into the human body to any person under 18 years of age, except that hypodermic syringes, needles, or other such objects may be lawfully dispensed to a person under 18 years of age by a licensed practitioner, parent, or legal guardian or by a pharmacist pursuant to a valid prescription for same. Any person who violates the provisions of this paragraph is guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(4) TRANSPORTATION OF DRUG PARAPHERNALIA.—It is unlawful to use, possess with the intent to use, or manufacture with the intent to use drug paraphernalia, knowing or under circumstances in which one reasonably should know that it will be used to transport:
(a) A controlled substance in violation of this chapter; or
(b) Contraband as defined in s. 932.701(2)(a)1.

Any person who violates this subsection commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

(5) ADVERTISEMENT OF DRUG PARAPHERNALIA.—It is unlawful for any person to place in any newspaper, magazine, handbill, or other publication any advertisement, knowing, or under circumstances where one reasonably should know, that the purpose of the advertisement, in whole or in part, is to promote the sale of objects designed or intended for use as drug paraphernalia. Any person who violates this subsection is guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(6) RETAIL SALE OF DRUG PARAPHERNALIA.—
(a) It is unlawful for a person to knowingly and willfully sell or offer for sale at retail any drug paraphernalia described in s. 893.145(12)(a)-(c) or (g)-(m), other than a pipe that is primarily made of briar, meerschaum, clay, or corn cob.
(b) A person who violates paragraph (a) commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083, and, upon a second or subsequent violation, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(7) TABLETING MACHINES, ENCAPSULATING MACHINES, AND CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE COUNTERFEITING MATERIALS.—
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), it is unlawful for any person to possess, purchase, deliver, sell, or possess with intent to sell or deliver a tableting machine, an encapsulating machine, or controlled substance counterfeiting materials knowing, intending, or having reasonable cause to believe that it will be used to manufacture a controlled substance or counterfeit controlled substance.
(b)1. A regulated person may possess, purchase, deliver, sell, or possess with intent to deliver or sell a tableting machine or encapsulating machine as part of a regulated transaction with a regular customer or regular importer if he or she is in compliance with 21 U.S.C. s. 830. For purposes of this paragraph, the terms “regulated person,” “regulated transaction,” “regular customer,” and “regular importer” have the same meanings as provided in 21 U.S.C. s. 802.
2. A person registered under 21 U.S.C. s. 822 may possess, purchase, deliver, sell, or possess with intent to deliver or sell a tableting machine or encapsulating machine to manufacture a controlled substance pursuant to such registration.
3. A person who holds an active, unencumbered license or a permit under s. 381.986 or chapter 465 may possess, purchase, deliver, sell, or possess with intent to sell or deliver a tableting machine or encapsulating machine to manufacture a controlled substance, if such person is performing functions in compliance with or under the authority of that license or permit.
(c) For purposes of this subsection, the term:
1. “Controlled substance” has the same meaning as provided in s. 893.02(4).
2. “Controlled substance counterfeiting material” means a punch, die, plate, stone, or other item designed to print, imprint, or reproduce the trademark, trade name, or other identifying mark, imprint, or device of another or any likeness of any of the foregoing upon a drug or container or labeling thereof so as to render such drug a counterfeit controlled substance.
3. “Counterfeit controlled substance” has the same meaning as provided in s. 831.31(2).
4. “Encapsulating machine” means manual, semiautomatic, or fully automatic equipment that can be used to fill shells or capsules with powdered or granular solids or semisolid material to produce coherent solid tablets.
5. “Tableting machine” means manual, semiautomatic, or fully automatic equipment that can be used to compact or mold powdered or granular solids or semisolid material to produce coherent solid tablets.
(d)1. Except as provided in subparagraph 2., a person who violates this subsection commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
2. Any person who violates this subsection knowing, intending, or having reasonable cause to believe that such action will result in the unlawful manufacture of a controlled substance or counterfeit controlled substance that contains:
a. A substance controlled under s. 893.03(1);
b. Cocaine, as described in s. 893.03(2)(a)4.;
c. Opium or any synthetic or natural salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium;
d. Methadone;
e. Alfentanil, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)1.;
f. Carfentanil, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)6.;
g. Fentanyl, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)9.;
h. Sufentanil, as described in s. 893.03(2)(b)30.; or
i. A controlled substance analog, as described in s. 893.0356, of any substance specified in sub-subparagraphs a.-h.,

commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.

History.—s. 3, ch. 80-30; s. 1, ch. 81-149; s. 54, ch. 83-215; s. 1, ch. 85-8; s. 223, ch. 91-224; s. 16, ch. 2000-360; s. 1, ch. 2013-111; s. 49, ch. 2016-105; s. 13, ch. 2018-13.
893.149 Unlawful possession of listed chemical.—
(1) It is unlawful for any person to knowingly or intentionally:
(a) Possess a listed chemical with the intent to unlawfully manufacture a controlled substance;
(b) Possess or distribute a listed chemical knowing, or having reasonable cause to believe, that the listed chemical will be used to unlawfully manufacture a controlled substance.
(2) Any person who violates this section commits a felony of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(3) This section does not apply to a public employee or private contractor authorized to clean up or dispose of hazardous waste or toxic substances resulting from the prohibited activities listed in s. 893.13(1)(g).
(4) Any damages arising out of the unlawful possession of, storage of, or tampering with a listed chemical, as defined in s. 893.033, shall be the sole responsibility of the person or persons unlawfully possessing, storing, or tampering with the listed chemical. In no case shall liability for damages arising out of the unlawful possession of, storage of, or tampering with a listed chemical extend to the lawful owner, installer, maintainer, designer, manufacturer, possessor, or seller of the listed chemical, unless such damages arise out of the acts or omissions of the owner, installer, maintainer, designer, manufacturer, possessor, or seller which constitute negligent misconduct or failure to abide by the laws regarding the possession or storage of a listed chemical.
History.—s. 5, ch. 91-279; s. 3, ch. 2003-15; s. 4, ch. 2005-128; s. 35, ch. 2016-105.
893.1495 Retail sale of ephedrine and related compounds.—
(1) For purposes of this section, the term “ephedrine or related compounds” means ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, or any of their salts, optical isomers, or salts of optical isomers.
(2) A person may not knowingly obtain or deliver to an individual in any retail over-the-counter sale any nonprescription compound, mixture, or preparation containing ephedrine or related compounds in excess of the following amounts:
(a) In any single day, any number of packages that contain a total of 3.6 grams of ephedrine or related compounds;
(b) In any single retail, over-the-counter sale, three packages, regardless of weight, containing ephedrine or related compounds; or
(c) In any 30-day period, in any number of retail, over-the-counter sales, a total of 9 grams or more of ephedrine or related compounds.
(3) A person may not knowingly display and offer for retail sale any nonprescription compound, mixture, or preparation containing ephedrine or related compounds other than behind a checkout counter where the public is not permitted or other such location that is not otherwise accessible to the general public.
(4) A person who is the owner or primary operator of a retail outlet where any nonprescription compound, mixture, or preparation containing ephedrine or related compounds is available for sale may not knowingly allow an employee to engage in the retail sale of such compound, mixture, or preparation unless the employee has completed an employee training program that shall include, at a minimum, basic instruction on state and federal regulations relating to the sale and distribution of such compounds, mixtures, or preparations.
(5)(a) Any person purchasing, receiving, or otherwise acquiring any nonprescription compound, mixture, or preparation containing any detectable quantity of ephedrine or related compounds must:
1. Be at least 18 years of age.
2. Produce a government-issued photo identification showing his or her name, date of birth, address, and photo identification number or an alternative form of identification acceptable under 8 C.F.R. s. 274a.2(b)(1)(v)(A) and (B).
3. Sign his or her name on a record of the purchase, either on paper or on an electronic signature capture device.
(b) The Department of Law Enforcement shall approve an electronic recordkeeping system for the purpose of recording and monitoring the real-time purchase of products containing ephedrine or related compounds and for the purpose of monitoring this information in order to prevent or investigate illegal purchases of these products. The approved electronic recordkeeping system shall be provided to a pharmacy or retailer without any additional cost or expense. A pharmacy or retailer may request an exemption from electronic reporting from the Department of Law Enforcement if the pharmacy or retailer lacks the technology to access the electronic recordkeeping system and such pharmacy or retailer maintains a sales volume of less than 72 grams of ephedrine or related compounds in a 30-day period. The electronic recordkeeping system shall record the following:
1. The date and time of the transaction.
2. The name, date of birth, address, and photo identification number of the purchaser, as well as the type of identification and the government of issuance.
3. The number of packages purchased, the total grams per package, and the name of the compound, mixture, or preparation containing ephedrine or related compounds.
4. The signature of the purchaser, or a unique number relating the transaction to a paper signature maintained at the retail premises.
(c) The electronic recordkeeping system shall provide for:
1. Real-time tracking of nonprescription over-the-counter sales under this section.
2. The blocking of nonprescription over-the-counter sales in excess of those allowed by the laws of this state or federal law.
(6) A nonprescription compound, mixture, or preparation containing any quantity of ephedrine or related compounds may not be sold over the counter unless reported to an electronic recordkeeping system approved by the Department of Law Enforcement. This subsection does not apply if the pharmacy or retailer has received an exemption from the Department of Law Enforcement under paragraph (5)(b).
(7) Prior to completing a transaction, a pharmacy or retailer distributing products containing ephedrine or related compounds to consumers in this state shall submit all required data into an electronic recordkeeping system approved by the Department of Law Enforcement at the point of sale or through an interface with the electronic recordkeeping system, unless granted an exemption by the Department of Law Enforcement pursuant to paragraph (5)(b).
(8) The data submitted to the electronic recordkeeping system must be retained within the system for no less than 2 years following the date of entry.
(9) The requirements of this section relating to the marketing, sale, or distribution of products containing ephedrine or related compounds supersede any local ordinance or regulation passed by a county, municipality, or other local governmental authority.
(10) This section does not apply to:
(a) Licensed manufacturers manufacturing and lawfully distributing products in the channels of commerce.
(b) Wholesalers lawfully distributing products in the channels of commerce.
(c) Health care facilities licensed under chapter 395.
(d) Licensed long-term care facilities.
(e) Government-operated health departments.
(f) Physicians’ offices.
(g) Publicly operated prisons, jails, or juvenile correctional facilities or private adult or juvenile correctional facilities under contract with the state.
(h) Public or private educational institutions maintaining health care programs.
(i) Government-operated or industry-operated medical facilities serving employees of the government or industry operating them.
(11) Any individual who violates subsection (2), subsection (3), or subsection (4) commits:
(a) For a first offense, a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.083.
(b) For a second offense, a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
(c) For a third or subsequent offense, a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084.
(12) Information contained within the electronic recordkeeping system shall be disclosed in a manner authorized by state or federal law. Any retailer or entity that collects information on behalf of a retailer as required by the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 and this section may not access or use that information, except for law enforcement purposes pursuant to state or federal law or to facilitate a product recall for public health and safety.
(13) A person who sells any product containing ephedrine or related compounds who in good faith releases information under this section to federal, state, or local law enforcement officers, or any person acting on behalf of such an officer, is immune from civil liability for the release unless the release constitutes gross negligence or intentional, wanton, or willful misconduct.
(14) The Department of Law Enforcement shall contract or enter into a memorandum of understanding, as applicable, with a private third-party administrator to implement the electronic recordkeeping system required by this section.
(15) The Department of Law Enforcement shall adopt rules necessary to implement this section.
History.—s. 5, ch. 2005-128; s. 1, ch. 2010-191; s. 168, ch. 2014-17.
893.15 Rehabilitation.—Any person who violates s. 893.13(6)(a) or (b) relating to possession may, in the discretion of the trial judge, be required to participate in a substance abuse services program approved or regulated by the Department of Children and Families pursuant to the provisions of chapter 397, provided the director of such program approves the placement of the defendant in such program. Such required participation shall be imposed in addition to any penalty or probation otherwise prescribed by law. However, the total time of such penalty, probation, and program participation shall not exceed the maximum length of sentence possible for the offense.
History.—s. 15, ch. 73-331; s. 46, ch. 91-110; s. 40, ch. 93-39; s. 3, ch. 94-107; s. 39, ch. 97-194; s. 304, ch. 99-8; s. 306, ch. 2014-19; s. 45, ch. 2016-105.
893.165 County alcohol and other drug abuse treatment or education trust funds.—
(1) Counties in which there is established or in existence a comprehensive alcohol and other drug abuse treatment or education program which meets the standards for qualification of such programs by the Department of Children and Families are authorized to establish a County Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Trust Fund for the purpose of receiving the assessments collected pursuant to s. 938.23 and disbursing assistance grants on an annual basis to such alcohol and other drug abuse treatment or education program.
(2) Assessments collected by the clerks of court pursuant to s. 938.23 shall be remitted to the board of county commissioners of the county in which the indictment was found or the prosecution commenced for payment into the County Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Trust Fund. The county commissioners shall require a full report from all clerks of county courts and clerks of circuit courts once each month of the amount of assessments imposed by their courts.
(3)(a) No county shall receive assessments collected pursuant to s. 938.23 in an amount exceeding that county’s jurisdictional share as described in subsection (2).
(b) Assessments collected by clerks of circuit courts having more than one county in the circuit, for any county in the circuit which does not have a County Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Trust Fund, shall be remitted to the Department of Children and Families, in accordance with administrative rules adopted, for deposit into the department’s Grants and Donations Trust Fund for distribution pursuant to the guidelines and priorities developed by the department.
(4) No assessments shall be remitted to a county until the board of county commissioners has submitted documentation to the court substantiating the establishment of its County Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Trust Fund.
(5) If the board of county commissioners chooses to establish a County Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Trust Fund, the board shall be responsible for the establishment of such fund and its implementation, administration, supervision, and evaluation.
(6) In order to receive assistance grants from the County Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Trust Fund, county alcohol and other drug abuse prevention, treatment, or education programs shall be designated by the board of county commissioners as the chosen program recipients. Designations shall be made annually, based on success of the programs.
(7) An alcohol and other drug abuse treatment or education program recipient shall, in seeking assistance grants from the County Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Trust Fund, provide the board of county commissioners with detailed financial information and requests for expenditures.
History.—s. 4, ch. 88-381; s. 3, ch. 93-194; s. 37, ch. 97-271; s. 305, ch. 99-8; s. 5, ch. 2009-47; s. 307, ch. 2014-19.
893.20 Continuing criminal enterprise.—
(1) Any person who commits three or more felonies under this chapter in concert with five or more other persons with respect to whom such person occupies a position of organizer, a supervisory position, or any other position of management and who obtains substantial assets or resources from these acts is guilty of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise.
(2) A person who commits the offense of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise is guilty of a life felony, punishable pursuant to the Criminal Punishment Code and by a fine of $500,000.
(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of s. 948.01, with respect to any person who is found to have violated this section, adjudication of guilt or imposition of sentence may not be suspended, deferred, or withheld.
(4) This section does not prohibit separate convictions and sentences for violation of this section and for felony violations of this chapter.
(5) This section must be interpreted in concert with its federal analog, 21 U.S.C. s. 848.
History.—s. 1, ch. 89-145; s. 25, ch. 93-406; s. 24, ch. 97-194.
893.21 Alcohol-related or drug-related overdoses; medical assistance; immunity from arrest, charge, prosecution, and penalization.—
(1) A person acting in good faith who seeks medical assistance for an individual experiencing, or believed to be experiencing, an alcohol-related or a drug-related overdose may not be arrested, charged, prosecuted, or penalized for a violation of s. 893.147(1) or s. 893.13(6), excluding paragraph (c), if the evidence for such offense was obtained as a result of the person’s seeking medical assistance.
(2) A person who experiences, or has a good faith belief that he or she is experiencing, an alcohol-related or a drug-related overdose and is in need of medical assistance may not be arrested, charged, prosecuted, or penalized for a violation of s. 893.147(1) or s. 893.13(6), excluding paragraph (c), if the evidence for such offense was obtained as a result of the person’s seeking medical assistance.
(3) A person who experiences, or has a good faith belief that he or she is experiencing, an alcohol-related or a drug-related overdose and receives medical assistance, or a person acting in good faith who seeks medical assistance for an individual experiencing, or believed to be experiencing, an alcohol-related or a drug-related overdose, may not be penalized for a violation of a condition of pretrial release, probation, or parole if the evidence for such violation was obtained as a result of the person’s seeking medical assistance.
(4) Protection in this section from arrest, charge, prosecution, or penalization for an offense listed in this section may not be grounds for suppression of evidence in other criminal prosecutions.
History.—s. 2, ch. 2012-36; s. 2, ch. 2019-81.
893.30 Controlled substance safety education and awareness.—
(1) This section may be cited as the “Victoria Siegel Controlled Substance Safety Education and Awareness Act.”
(2) The department shall develop a written pamphlet relating to controlled substances which includes educational information about the following:
(a) Precautions regarding the use of pain management prescriptions.
(b) The potential for misuse and abuse of controlled substances by adults and children.
(c) The risk of controlled substance dependency and addiction.
(d) The proper storage and disposal of controlled substances.
(e) Controlled substance addiction support and treatment resources.
(f) Telephone helplines and website links that provide counseling and emergency assistance for individuals dealing with substance abuse.
(3) The department shall encourage health care providers, including, but not limited to, hospitals, county health departments, physicians, and nurses, to disseminate and display information about controlled substance safety, including, but not limited to, the pamphlet created pursuant to subsection (2).
(4) The department shall encourage consumers to discuss the risks of controlled substance use with their health care providers.
(5) The State Surgeon General shall make publicly available, by posting on the department’s website, the pamphlet created pursuant to subsection (2) and additional resources as appropriate.
(6) The department shall fund the promotion of controlled substance safety education and awareness under this section through grants from private or federal sources.
(7) The department is encouraged to collaborate with other agencies, organizations, and institutions to create a systematic approach to increasing public awareness regarding controlled substance safety.
History.—s. 22, ch. 2016-212.